Happy Holidays from Pokai Bay Recreational Paddlers

Our Xmas Party was a great success. It was cerainly fun.Pete, the fire dancer, was ablaze with movement and entertainment. Maralyn opened her kissing booth early, due to the Holiday Rush.



Dale, released on Parole, proved to be a great sport, while listening to my most horrible jokes.
We had many Awardee's, the photos below will reveal those who contribute their services to our club






In General we all had a blast, Pokai Rec Paddlers Style.Rudolph got tangled in the lights again

Happy Thanksgiving To All Paddlers

Wishing all Paddlers, everywhere,
A Happy Thanksgiving!

Spinner Dolphins, Stanella longirostris

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Spinner Dolphin (Stenella longirostris)
Status | Taxonomy | Species Description | Habitat | Distribution |
Population Trends | Threats | Conservation Efforts | Regulatory Overview |
Key Documents | More Info


Spinner Dolphins
(Stenella longirostris)
Photo: NMFS Southwest
Fisheries Science Center




Did You Know?

· A single spinning leap can include as many as four body revolutions.

· The species name means "long beak."



Status
MMPA Depleted - Eastern stock (Stenella longirostris orientalis) in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean

Taxonomy
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Cetacea
Family: Delphinidae
Genus: Stenella
Species: longirostris

Subspecies of the spinner dolphin include:

Eastern spinner (Stenella longirostris orientalis)
Central American spinner (Stenella longirostris centroamericanus)
"Whitebelly" spinner (Stenella longirostris longirostris)
Species Description
Like other dolphins of the genus Stenella, spinner dolphins are relatively small, reaching lengths of 6 to 7 feet (2 m) and weighing approximately 130 to 170 pounds (59-77 kg) at adulthood. They have long, slender snouts or beaks. There is a great deal of color variation depending on the region.

Spinner dolphins are best known for their above-water displays of leaping and spinning several times on their body axis. Leaps can often be done in a series with as many as 14 leaps in a row. Spinner dolphins are sometimes found in associations with bottlenose dolphins or humpback whales in Hawaii, which may benefit one or both species.

Mating and calving occurs year-round, with gestation similar to that of most dolphins, around eleven months. Multiple males may mate with one female in short, consecutive intervals. Lactation often takes place for two years, but can also last for only one year. Calving intervals average three years. Maturity occurs at around 7 years of age and maximum longevity is 20 years.

Spinner dolphins often occur in groups of several hundred to several thousand animals. They are considered quite gregarious, often schooling in large groups and with other dolphin species, such as spotted dolphins.

Spinner dolphins feed primarily at night on mid-water fishes and deep-water squid, while resting for most of the daylight hours.

The MMPA "depleted" eastern spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris orientalis) is one of four named subspecies in the Pacific Ocean.

Habitat
In most places, spinner dolphins are found in the deep ocean where they likely track prey. The Hawaii population has a more coastal distribution. There, the animals rest in bays and protected areas during the day and then fuse into larger groups to feed in deeper water on fish and squid at night.



Spinner Dolphin Range Map
(click for larger view PDF)


Distribution
The species can be found in all tropical and subtropical oceans. The eastern subspecies is found in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean (ETP), often in groups of several hundred to several thousand animals.

Population Trends
At the time of the MMPA depleted listing, the eastern spinner dolphin was estimated to be at 44 percent of its pre-exploitation population size. Currently, the eastern stock is estimated to have a population size of 613,000 (Gerrodette et al. 2005). The long-term trend is flat for this stock. The current population sizes of the non-depleted stocks are as follows: Hawaii - 2,800 and Northern Gulf of Mexico - 12,000. See below for links to the most recent stock assessments for the U.S. populations.

Threats
Due to the as yet unexplained association between large yellowfin tuna and some dolphin stocks in the ETP, the presence of the eastern stock of spinner dolphins has been used by the tuna purse-seine fishery to find tuna. Dolphins can become trapped in the nets and drown. Stress from becoming encircled in purse seines has also been documented as a very serious threat to dolphins. Currently, fishing methods for tuna imported into the U.S. under the Dolphin-Safe program do not allow fishing practices, such as setting on dolphins.

Interactions with tourists are a growing threat to the Hawaiian stock; because the species is active at night, daytime interactions with tourists inhibit necessary rest and sleep time.

Conservation Efforts
Spinner dolphins are classified as Lower Risk - Conservation Dependent on the IUCN Redlist . The International Dolphin Conservation Program Act (IDCPA) [pdf] directed NMFS to determine if the chase and encirclement of dolphins in the purse seine fishery targeting tuna in the ETP is having a significant adverse impact on depleted dolphin stocks. As part of this determination, Congress specified that population surveys be undertaken in 1998, 1999, and 2000 to generate new estimates of dolphin abundance under the IDCPA.

Two programs run by NMFS' Southwest Fisheries Science Center aim to conserve spinner dolphins:

Dolphin-Safe Program focuses on reducing fishing-related dolphin mortality by developing alternative fishing methods that do not involve dolphins.
Dolphin Energetics Program focuses on determining whether energetics limitations associated with the fishing practice may be contributing to the observed lack of recovery of fishery-associated dolphin stocks in the ETP.
NMFS developed a viewing guide [pdf] for responsibly viewing spinner dolphins in Hawaii to protect them from excessive disturbance when they rest and socialize.

Regulatory Overview
In 1993, the Eastern spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris orientalis) stock was designated depleted.

Key Documents
(All documents are in PDF format.)

Title Federal Register Date
Depleted Designation for Eastern Spinner Dolphins 50 CFR 216.15 08/26/1993
Stock Assessment Reports (Western North Atlantic, Hawaii, Northern Gulf of Mexico) n/a various

More Information

NMFS Pacific Islands Regional Office Spinner Dolphin Information
NMFS Southwest Fisheries Science Center Spinner Dolphin Information
Tuna-Dolphin Issue in the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP)
NMFS Southwest Region Tuna and Marine Mammals site
NOAA's National Marine Sanctuaries
Hawaiian Island Humpback Whale Sanctuary Spinner Dolphin Species Card with video
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Sanctuary Spinner Dolphin Species Card with video
See Video of a Spinner Dolphin Jumping and Spinning
Hear Spinner Dolphin Sounds
Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS-SEAMAP) Spinner Dolphin Species Profile




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Tursiops aduncus, Bottlenose Dolphin

The Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) is a species of Bottlenose Dolphin. The Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin grows to 2.6 metres (8.5 ft) long, and weigh up to 230 kilograms (510 lb).[3] It lives in the waters around India, northern Australia, South China, the Red Sea, and the eastern coast of Africa.[3] Its back is dark-grey and belly is lighter grey or nearly white with grey spots. [3]

Until 1998, all Bottlenose Dolphins were considered members of the single species T. truncatus. In that year, the Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin was recognized as a separate species.[4][5] The Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin is generally smaller than the Common Bottlenose Dolphin, has a proportionately longer rostrum, and has spots on its belly and lower sides.[4][6] The Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin also has more teeth than the Common Bottlenose Dolphin — 23 to 29 teeth on each side of each jaw for the Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin, compared to 21 to 24 for the Common Bottlenose Dolphin.[6] There is evidence that the Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin may actually be more closely related to certain dolphin species in the genera Stenella and Delphinus, especially the Atlantic Spotted Dolphin (S. frontalis), than it is to the Common Bottlenose Dolphin.[4][7]

Much of the old scientific data in the field combine data about the Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin and the Common Bottlenose Dolphin into a single group, making it effectively useless in determining the structural differences between the two species. The IUCN lists both species as data deficient in their Red List of endangered species because of this issue.[8]

Contents [hide]
1 Description
2 Diet
3 Behavior
4 Status and threats
5 Captivity
6 Effects of whale watching
6.1 Japan
6.2 Jervis Bay, Australia
6.3 Shark Bay, Australia
7 References
8 Further reading


[edit] Description
Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins are very similar to common bottlenose dolphins in appearance. Common bottlenose dolphins have a reasonably strong body, moderate-length beak, and tall curved dorsal fins whereas Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins are have a more slender body build and their beak is longer and more slender.[9] The Indo-Pacific population also tends to be somewhat lighter in colour and the cape is generally more distinct with a light spinal blaze extending to below the dorsal fin.2 However, although not always present, the most obvious distinction came be made with the presence of black spots or flecks on the bellies of adults of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins which are very rare in common bottlenose dolphins.[9] Their teeth can number between 23 and 29 in each upper and lower jaw and are more slender than those of common bottlenose dolphins.[9] Size of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins can vary based on geographic location howeverits average length is 2.6 metres (8.5 ft) long, and it weigh up to 230 kilograms (510 lb).[3] Their length at birth is between 0.84 and 1.5 metres (2.8 and 4.9 ft).[3]

[edit] Diet
Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins feed on a wide variety of fish and cephalopods (particularly squid).[10]

In a recent study conducted by Amir et al. (2005)[10] researchers looked at the feeding ecology of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins by analyzing the stomach contents of ones that got caught in the gillnet fisheries off Zanibar, Tanzania. The prey items found in the stomach contents included 50 species of bony fish and 3 species of squid. From their results the researchers concluded that the most important prey group was fish which accounted for 87% of the total number of prey items consumed and occurred in 24 of 26 stomachs examined. Cephalopods comprised the other 13% of prey items and were found in 13 of the 26 stomachs.[10] The remains of some crustaceans were also found however they hypothesize that they were consumed secondarily since a number were found intact in the fish prey stomachs and therefore were not included in the diet analysis.[10]

[edit] Behavior
Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins live in groups that can number in the hundreds, but groups of 5 to 15 dolphins are most common.[6] In some parts of their range they associate with the Common Bottlenose Dolphin.[6] It also associates with other dolphin species, such as the humpback dolphin.[6]

The Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin has a peak mating and calving season in spring and summer, although mating and calving occur throughout the year in some regions. Gestation period is about 12 months. Calves are between 0.84 and 1.5 metres (2.8 and 4.9 ft) long, and weigh between 9 and 21 kilograms (20 and 46 lb). The calves are weaned between 1.5 and 2 years, but can remain with their mother for up to 5 years. The interbirth interval for females is typically 4 to 6 years.[3]

In some parts of its range, the Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin is subject to predation by sharks.[6] The Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin can live more than 40 years.[3]

Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins located in Shark Bay, Australia are thought to have a symbiotic relationship with sponges by doing what is called “sponging”. What happens is a dolphin breaks a marine sponge off the sea floor and wears it over its rostrum. It is thought that the reason they do this is to probe substrates for fish however it is still not completely understood if it is used for a tool or simply for play.

[edit] Status and threats
Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins are not considered to be endangered as a species however, it has a near-shore distribution which makes it vulnerable to environmental degradation, direct exploitation, and problems associated with local fisheries.[11]

The major predators of this species are typically sharks however some others may include humans, killer whales (Orcinus orca) and sting rays. Just recently large numbers of these dolphins were deliberately killed in a Taiwanese drive fishery which greatly impacted the species.[citation needed] It is now prohibited however, gillnets are still having an impact and are a problem not only here but throughout most of the species’ range. In the early 1980s many were killed in a Taiwanese driftnet fishery in the Arafura Sea, off northwestern Australia.[12] Large-mesh nets set to protect bathers from sharks in South Africa and Australia has also resulted in a substantial number of deaths in the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins.[13]

[edit] Captivity
Indo-Pacific dolphins are one of many small cetaceans commonly found in captivity.[10] Some of the conservation concerns for animals in captivity include: the effects of removing the animals from their wild populations, survivorship of cetaceans during capture and transport and while in captivity and the risks to wild populations and ecosystems of accidentally introducing alien species and spreading epizootic diseases, especially when animals have been transported over long distances and are held in sea pens.[14]

Bottlenose dolphins are the most common captive cetaceans on a global scale.[14] Prior to 1980 more than 1,500 bottlenose dolphins were collected from the United States, Mexico, and the Bahamas and more than 550 common and 60 Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins were brought into captivity in Japan.[14] By the late 1980s, the United States stopped collecting bottlenose dolphins and the number of captive-born animals in North American aquariums has increased from only 6 percent in 1976 to about 44 percent in 1996.

[edit] Effects of whale watching
Not much is known about the impact of whale watching on cetaceans but research is being conducted at several locations.

[edit] Japan
Morisaka et al. (2005)[15] conducted a study on three populations of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins in Japan. It is believed that characteristics of acoustic signals are affected by the acoustic environments among habitats and geographical variation in animal acoustic signals can result from differences in acoustic environments therefore the characteristics of the ambient noise in the dolphin's habitats and the whistles produced were compared. Ambient noise was recorded using a hydrophone located 10m below the surface and whistles were recorded by using an underwater video system.

Results showed that dolphins produced whistles at varying frequencies with greater modulations when in habitats with less ambient noise whereas habitats with greater ambient noise seem to cause dolphins to produce whistles of lower frequencies and fewer frequency modulations. Examination of the results suggest that communication signals are adaptive and are selected to avoid the masking of signals and the decrease of higher-frequency signals as Tadamichi et al. states in the paper. They concluded that ambient noise has the potential to drive the variation in whistles of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin populations.

[edit] Jervis Bay, Australia
Small motorized vessels have increased as a source of anthropogenic noise due to the rise in popularity of wildlife viewing such as whale-watching. Lemon et al. (2006)[16] carried out a study in Australia on bottlenose dolphins to look at whether powerboats are in fact a significant source of disturbance for these animals. The surface behaviour and acoustic response of traveling dolphins to approaches by a powerboat were assessed by a series of experimental trials. Dolphin behaviour was monitored continuously from an independent research boat before, during, and after a powerboat approached. Once a group of traveling dolphins was located, the group was randomly assigned to either a control or treatment condition. During each experimental trial the dolphin's acoustic and surface behaviour were recorded "pre-exposure" with the powerboat stationary and engine off, "on-approach" with the powerboat approaching the focal group, "exposure" with the power boat moving slowly alongside the group, and "post-exposure" when the powerboat had departed from the area. For the control trials the surface and acoustic behaviours were recorded from the research vessel where only the electric motor was used.

Results of the study showed that powerboat approaches altered the surface behaviour and direction of traveling dolphins when exposed to vessels within 100m. Their whistles and echolocation click bouts however, were not affected when approached. When powerboats approached the dolphins they changed their surface behaviour from traveling to milling and changed their direction to travel away from the powerboat. It was not until the powerboat left the area and its noise ceased that the dolphins returned to their preceding behaviour in the original direction.

[edit] Shark Bay, Australia
Another study was carried out by Bejder et al. (2006)[17] in Shark Bay, Western Australia on the behavioural responses of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins to experimental vessel approaches in regions of both high and low vessel traffic. Data was collected from two different sites that had different histories of vessel activity: high vessel activity classified as the impact site and low vessel activity classified as the control site. A team of researchers evaluated group-level, non-vocal, behavioural responses of dolphins 15 minutes before, during and after approaches by an experimental vessel. For each experiment observers selected a focal dolphin group based on the group's proximity to the shore station and the absence of any vessels within 300m. After the focal group was selected, observers on the shore recorded behavioural data for 15 minutes. Then vessel-based observers were directed towards the focal group and collected data once within 50m of the group. Throughout the 15 minute period, shore observers continued to record behavioural data while the vessel maintained a distance of 10-50m from the focal group. Observers aboard the experimental vessel identified individual dolphins in the focal group taking dorsal fin photographs. When the experimental vessel was beyond 300m of the focal group, the shore team continued to monitor the behaviour and movements of the focal group for another 15min. Tour vessel movements were also tracked using GPS to show focal group movements during the experiment.

Results show that there were significant changes in the behaviour of targeted dolphins when compared with their behaviour before and after approaches. Dolphins in the control site showed a stronger and longer-lasting response than dolphins in the impact site. It is believed that these results show habituation of the dolphins to the vessels in a region of long-term vessel traffic. However, when compared to other studies in the same area, it is suggested that this study documented moderated responses not because of habituation occurring but because those individuals sensitive to vessel disturbance left the region before their study began.

Although these studies do show statistical significance for the effects of whale-watching boats,these results do not have biological significance and need to be researched further.

[edit] References
^ Mead, James G. and Robert L. Brownell, Jr (November 16, 2005). Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds). ed. Mammal Species of the World (3rd edition ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 723–743. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=14300098.
^ Hammond, P.S., Bearzi, G., Bjørge, A., Forney, K., Karczmarski, L., Kasuya, T., Perrin, W.F., Scott, M.D., Wang, J.Y., Wells, R.S. & Wilson, B. (2008). Tursiops aduncus. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2008. Retrieved on 7 October 2008.
^ a b c d e f g Shirihai, H. and Jarrett, B. (2006). Whales Dolphins and Other Marine Mammals of the World. p. 159–161. ISBN 0-691-12757-3.
^ a b c Wells, R. and Scott, M. (2002). "Bottlenose Dolphins". in Perrin, W.; Wursig, B. and Thewissen, J.. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. p. 122–127. ISBN 0-12-551340-2.
^ Möller Luciana M., Beheregaray Luciano B. 2001. Coastal bottlenose dolphins from southeastern Australia are Tursiops aduncus according to sequences of the mitochondrial DNA control region. Marine Mammal Science 17(2): 249-263.
^ a b c d e f Reeves, R.; Stewart, B.; Clapham, P.; Powell, J. (2002). Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. p. 362–365. ISBN 0-375-41141-0.
^ Leduc, R., Perrin, W. & Dizon, E. (August 18, 1998). "Phylogenetic Relationships among the Delphinid Cetaceans Based on Full Cytochrome B Sequences". Marine Mammal Science 15 (3): 619–648. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00833.x. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119937779/abstract. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
^ "Tursiops truncatus: Species Information". IUCN. http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php?species=22563. Retrieved 2006-11-03.
^ a b c Worlds Creatures. 2004. Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin. Retrieved March 28, 2008 from the website: http://www.worldscreatures.com/water-species/dolphins/indo-pacific-bottlenose-dolphin.htm.
^ a b c d e Amir Omar A., Per Berggren, Simon Ndaro G.M., Narriman Jiddawi S. 2005. Feeding ecology of the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) incidentally caught in the gillnets fisheries off Zanzibar, Tanzania. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 63(3): 429-437.
^ Curry, B.E. and Smith, J. 1997. Phylogeographic structure of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus): stock identification and implications for management. In: A.E. Dizon, S.J. Chivers, and W.F. Perrin (eds) Molecular Genetics of Marine Mammals, pp. 227-247. Society for Marine Mammalogy, Special Publication No. 3, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas.
^ Harwood, M.B. and Hembree, D. 1987. Incidental catch of small cetaceans in the offshore gillnet fishery in northern Australian waters: 1981-1985. Report of the International Whaling Commission 37: 363-367.
^ Peddemors, V.M. 1999. Delphinids of southern Africa: a review of their distribution, status and life history. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 1: 157-165.
^ a b c Fisher Sue J., Reeves Randall R. 2005. The Global Trade in Live Cetaceans: Implications for Conservation. Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy 8: 315-340
^ Morisaka Tadamichi, Shinohara Masanori, Nakahara Fumio, Akamatsu Tomonari. 2005. Effects of Ambient Noise on the Whistles of Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin Populations. Journal of Mammalogy 84(3): 541-546.
^ Lemon Michelle, Lynch Tim P., Cato Douglas H., Harcourt Robert G. 2006. Response of traveling bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) to experimental approaches by a powerboat in Jervis Bay, New South Wales, Australia. Biological Conservation 127:363-372
^ Bejder Lars, Samuels Amy, Whitehead Hal, Gales Nick. 2006. Interpreting short-term behavioural responses to disturbance within a longitudinal perspective. Animal Behaviour 72: 1149-1158
[edit] Further reading
Cockcroft VG, Ross GJB. 1990. Age, growth, and reproduction of bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus from the east coast of southern Africa. Fishery Bulletin 88(2): 289-302.

Moller Luciana M., Beheregaray Luciano B., Allen Simon J., Harcourt Robert G. 2006. Association patterns and kinship in female Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) of southeastern Australia. Behavioural Ecology Sociobiology 61: 109-117.

Nowacek Stephanie M., Wells Randall S., Solow Andrew R. 2001. Short-term effects of boat traffic on bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, in Sarasota Bay, Florida. Marine Mammal Science 17(4): 673-688.

Schroeder, J. Pete. Breeding Bottlenose Dolphins in Captivity. In The Bottlenose Dolphin, edited by Stephen Leatherwood and Randall R. Reeves, pp. 435-446. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc., 1990.

Shane Susan H., Wells Randall S., Wursig Bernd. 1986. Ecology, behaviour and social organization of the bottlenose dolphin: a review. Marine Mammal Science 2(1): 34-63.

Urian, K.W., Duffield D.A., Read A.J., Wells R.S., Shell E.D. 1996. Seasonality of Reproduction in Bottlenose Dolphins, Tursiops truncatus. Journal of Mammalogy, 77(2): 394-403.

Wells, Randall S., Scott Michael D., Irvine Blair A. The Social Structure of Free-ranging Bottlenose Dolphins. In Current Mammalogy, Volume 1, edited by H.H. Genoways, pp. 247- 305. New York: Plenum Press, 1987.

[show]v • d • eExtant Cetacea species

Kingdom Animalia · Phylum Chordata · Class Mammalia · Infraclass Eutheria · Superorder Laurasiatheria · (unranked) Cetartiodactyla · (unranked) Whippomorpha

[show] Suborder Mysticeti (Baleen whales)

Balaenidae Balaena Bowhead Whale (B. mysticetus)

Eubalaena
(Right whales) Southern Right Whale (E. australis) · North Atlantic Right Whale (E. glacialis) · North Pacific Right Whale (E. japonica)


Balaenopteridae
(Rorquals) Balaenoptera Common Minke Whale (B. acutorostrata) · Antarctic Minke Whale (B. bonaerensis) · Sei Whale (B. borealis) · Bryde's Whale (B. brydei) · Pygmy Bryde's Whale (B. edeni) · Blue Whale (B. musculus) · B. omurai · Fin Whale (B. physalus)

Megaptera Humpback Whale (M. novaeangliae)


Eschrichtiidae Eschrichtius Gray Whale (E. robustus)


Neobalaenidae Caperea Pygmy Right Whale (C. marginata)




[hide] Suborder Odontoceti (Toothed whales) (cont. below)

Delphinidae
(Oceanic dolphins) Cephalorhynchus Commerson's Dolphin (C. commersonii) · Chilean Dolphin (C. eutropia) · Haviside's Dolphin (C. heavisidii) · Hector's Dolphin (C. hectori)

Delphinus Long-beaked Common Dolphin (D. capensis) · Short-beaked Common Dolphin (D. delphis)

Feresa Pygmy Killer Whale (F. attenuata)

Globicephala
(Pilot whales) Short-finned Pilot Whale (G. macrorhynchus) · Long-finned Pilot Whale (G. melas)

Grampus Risso's Dolphin (G. griseus)

Lagenodelphis Fraser's Dolphin (L. hosei)

Lagenorhynchus Atlantic White-sided Dolphin (L. acutus) · White-beaked Dolphin (L. albirostris) · Peale's Dolphin (L. australis) · Hourglass Dolphin (L. cruciger) · Pacific White-sided Dolphin (L. obliquidens) · Dusky Dolphin (L. obscurus)

Lissodelphis
(Right whale dolphins) Northern Right Whale Dolphin (L. borealis) · Southern Right Whale Dolphin (L. peronii)

Orcaella Irrawaddy Dolphin (O. brevirostris) · Australian Snubfin Dolphin (O. heinsohni)

Orcinus Killer Whale (O. orca)

Peponocephala Melon-headed Whale (P. electra)

Pseudorca False Killer Whale (P. crassidens)

Sotalia Tucuxi (S. fluviatilis) · Costero (S. guianensis)

Sousa Pacific Humpback Dolphin (S. chinensis) · Indian Humpback Dolphin (S. plumbea) · Atlantic Humpback Dolphin (S. teuszii)

Stenella Pantropical Spotted Dolphin (S. attenuata) · Clymene Dolphin (S. clymene) · Striped Dolphin (S. coeruleoalba) · Atlantic Spotted Dolphin (S. frontalis) · Spinner Dolphin (S. longirostris)

Steno Rough-toothed Dolphin (S. bredanensis)

Tursiops Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin (T. aduncus) · Common Bottlenose Dolphin (T. truncatus)




[show] Suborder Odontoceti (Toothed whales) (cont. above)

Monodontidae Delphinapterus Beluga (D. leucas)

Monodon Narwhal (M. monoceros)


Phocoenidae
(Porpoises) Neophocaena Finless Porpoise (N. phocaeniodes)

Phocoena Spectacled Porpoise (P. dioptrica) · Harbor Porpoise (P. phocoena) · Vaquita (P. sinus) · Burmeister's Porpoise (P. spinipinnis)

Phocoenoides Dall's Porpoise (P. dalli)


Physeteridae Physeter Sperm Whale (P. macrocephalus)


Kogiidae Kogia Pygmy sperm whale (K. breviceps) · Dwarf sperm whale (K. simus)


Iniidae Inia Amazon River Dolphin (I. geoffrensis)


Lipotidae Lipotes Baiji (L. vexillifer)


Platanistidae Platanista Ganges and Indus River Dolphin (P. gangetica)


Pontoporiidae Pontoporia La Plata Dolphin (P. blainvillei)


Ziphidae
(Beaked whales) Berardius Arnoux's Beaked Whale (B. arnuxii) · Baird's Beaked Whale (B. bairdii)

Hyperoodon Northern Bottlenose Whale (H. ampullatus) · Southern Bottlenose Whale (H. planifrons)

Indopacetus Tropical Bottlenose Whale (I. pacificus)

Mesoplodon
(Mesoplodont
whales) Sowerby's Beaked Whale (M. bidens) · Andrew's Beaked Whale (M. bowdoini) · Hubbs' Beaked Whale (M. carlhubbsi) · Blainville's Beaked Whale (M. densirostris) · Gervais' Beaked Whale (M. europaeus) · Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whale (M. ginkgodens) · Gray's Beaked Whale (M. grayi) · Hector's Beaked Whale (M. hectori) · Strap-toothed Whale (M. layardii) · True's Beaked Whale (M. mirus) · Pygmy Beaked Whale (M. peruvianus) · Perrin's Beaked Whale (M. perrini) · Stejneger's Beaked Whale (M. stejnegeri) · Spade-toothed Whale (M. traversii)

Tasmacetus Shepherd's Beaked Whale (T. sheperdi)

Ziphius Cuvier's Beaked Whale (Z. cavirostris)





Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pacific_Bottlenose_Dolphin"
Categories: IUCN Red List data deficient species | Oceanic dolphins
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Tsunami Wave

The Tsunami Wave
The most common cause of a tsunami is an underwater earthquake.
Image: How Stuff Works (modified)


This diagram illustrates the difference between normal wind generated waves and tsunamis.
Download
Image: USGS (modified)

What To Do: When you are at the beach and feel an Earthquake: A strong off-shore earthquake may generate a tsunami. Therefore, if you feel the ground shake, evacuate to high ground immediately and return only after officials say it is safe to do so.
Tsunamis along the Pacific Coast. From southern British Columbia to northern California, people and property are at risk both from distantly and locally generated tsunamis. Recent studies indicate that about a dozen earthquakes (with magnitudes of 8 or more) have occurred in the Cascadia subduction zone west of Washington. (Map) In 1946, a tsunami was initiated by an earthquake in the Aleutian Islands of Alaska; in less than 5 hours, it reached Hawaii with waves as high as 55 feet.(NOAA)
More recently, in 1964, a magnitude 9.2 earthquake occurred in Prince William Sound, Alaska. The shock generated a tsunami that deviated many towns along the Gulf of Alaska, and left serious damage at Alberni and Port Alberni, Canada, along the West Coast of the United States (15 killed), and in Hawaii. The maximum wave height recorded was 67 meters at Valdez Inlet. Seiche action in rivers, lakes, bayous, and protected harbors and waterways along the Gulf Coast of Louisiana and Texas caused minor damage. It was also recorded on tide gages in Cuba and Puerto Rico.(USGS)
Tsunami Activity
The 1964 Alaskan tsunami generated waves of more than 20 feet at Crescent City, California, where it caused $7.5 million in damage and 11 deaths. It also produced waves ranging from 10 to 16 feet along parts of the California, Oregon, and Washington coasts.(USGS)
Photo: Del Norte CountyHistorical Society
1964 Crescent City Tsunami damage estimated at $7,414,000.
Understanding the Tsunami Wave
The rate at which a wave loses its energy is inversely related to its wavelength. Since a tsunami has a very large wavelength, it will lose little energy as it propagates. Thus, in very deep water, a tsunami will travel at high speeds with little loss of energy. For example, when the ocean is 6100 m deep, a tsunami will travel about 890 km/hr, and thus could travel across the Pacific Ocean in less than one day. (Washington State Dept. of Resources) Tsunami wave travel-time map
Warnings
When an earthquake that might generate a Pacific Coast Tsunami is detected, the Alaska Tsunami Warning Center and the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center calculates the danger and notifies the communities at risk. Those warnings may give people a few hours to prepare and evacuate (depending on the distance to the earthquake). If the earthquake occurs off our coast, however, there may be no time to send out hazard warnings. The first waves could arrive within minutes of the earthquake. The only tsunami warning might be the earthquake itself.

Kalutara Water Detail Imagery collected January 1, 2004Description:Area details before tsunami Download

Kalutara Water DetailImagery collected December 26, 2004Description:Receding waters from tsunamiDownload
Image: DigitalGlobe
Image: DigitalGlobe
Tsunami Warning Signs:
Posted along beaches throughout California to alert people to the potential danger.
Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake - December 26, 2004
A magnitude 9.0 (Mw) earthquake occurred on Sunday December 26 at 00:58 UTC of 6:58 AM local time in Sumatera. This earthquake occurred as the result of stresses generated by the motion of the Indo-Australian plate northeastward against the Burma subplate of the Eurasian plate at a rate of approximately 5 cm/yr (about two inches per year). Deformation of the Earth's crust in response to the plate motion takes place in a broad zone that spans the entire length of Indonesia extending north to the Andaman Islands of India and east of Timor Island. Aftershocks define a rupture zone about 650 miles long extending from Northern Sumatera to the Andaman Islands.
The earthquake produced a tsunami that affected the entire Indian Ocean. Peak runup was at least 20 meters (60 feet) in Indonesia and 5-10 meters in Sri Lanka more than 1000 miles from the source area. The first tsunami waves reached the coast of Northern Sumatera within minutes of the earthquake. The tsunami traveled outward across the Indian Ocean reaching Sri Lanka about 2 hours later. Somalia and the east coast of Africa were hit 7 hours after the earthquake.
The earthquake is the fourth largest global earthquake ever recorded since seismograph were developed in the late 1800s. It is an unprecedented event for the Indian Ocean in historic times. However paleoseismic studies of Kerry Sieh and his coworkers using corals to study early earthquakes on the Sumatran subduction zone estimated a M 8.8 9.2 earthquake occurred in 1833, (JGR, v. 104, no. B1, p. 895-919, 1999). They further infer that giant earthquakes break the subduction zone at intervals of about 230 years (2004 fall AGU abstracts T12B-04, PA23A-1444). Source: Dr. Lori Dengler, Humboldt State University
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Computer animation of the recent tsunami wave.Animation (Animation takes a moment to load -- be patient)
Download QuickTime
Research Links
Alaska Tsunami Warning Center, Emergency tsunami information for Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California, and Hawaii.
California Tsunami Inundation Maps NOAA Center for Tsunami Research, Inundation mapping.
Caltrans Tsunami Signs Policy, California Department of Transportation's official notification of tsunami warning signs.
Designing for Tsunamis National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program, Seven principles for planning and designing for tsunami hazards.
Frequently Asked Questions About Tsunamis, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Humboldt State University Dept of Geology, Tsunami hazard maps, historic tsunami lists, a paleotsunami core and more.
Humboldt State University Dept of Geology, Redwood Coast Tsunami Work Group, working to reduce earthquake and tsunami hazards along California's north coast.
NOAA Tsunami Research Program. Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, wave animation, wave travel charts, amplitude chart.
NOAA The IOC Tsunami Glossary, A 20 page document containing definitions and vocabulary used in the study of tsunamis.
On Shaky Ground, On Shaky Ground, A handbook prepared by Humboldt Earthquake Education Center.
Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, Emergency tsunami bulletins, safety, maps, and information for the Pacific and Hawaii.
Tsunami Mitigation Program within the California Earthquake Loss Reduction Plan, Tsunami assessment, education, warning, and mitigation efforts intended to reduce losses related to tsunamis.
Tsunami Publications, Western States Seismic Policy Council (WSSPC) Alaska, British Columbia, California, Guam, Hawaii, Oregon, Washington.
TsunamiReady, National Weather Service (NWS) initiative that promotes tsunami hazard preparedness as an active collaboration among Federal, state and local emergency management agencies, the public, and the NWS tsunami warning system. This collaboration supports better and more consistent tsunami awareness and mitigation efforts among communities at risk. The TsunamiReady program is based on the NWS StormReady model. The main goal is improvement of public safety during tsunami emergencies. (NWS)
Tsunami Threat to California, Findings and Recommendations of Tsunami Hazards and Risks. Appendix A: Report No. 05-03, (CSSC)
USC Tsunami Research Center, is an organization dedicated to the investigation of natural disasters known as tsunamis. Research includes field surveys, numerical and analytical modeling, hazard mitigation maps for California and planning.

Old Paddle New Paddle

Pokai bay paddlers restore paddles for Na Keiki O Kamoi. We were able to start on about, twenty or so, paddles. Dennis and Cookie worked on the bar-b-Q and lunch was terrific. As usual, we all had a boisterous time laughing, talking story, sanding and refinishing paddles. Marte, somehow, always manages to get the job done and done right.

Rudy and Dennis working on paddles.

Marte, Savanah, Dennis, Rudy, and The First Lady of the silver screen, or at least photoshop, Dale.

Marte, Savanah, Rudy working on paddles and Dale waiting for her close-up.

We are all waiting for the results. Who won?

Could it have been The Grand Flames ?
Yep!
Congatulations on your victory!

[JTL Home] [Overall Results Women] [Men's Division Results] [Women's Division Results]
Official Results by: JTL Timing SystemsQueen Liliuokalani Long Distance Canoe RaceSeptember 5, 2009 - Kailua-Kona, Hawaii
Overall Results - Men

Place Name Division Time

1 Team Primo #2 Iron Open NK 1:52:34
2 Livestrong Iron Open NK 1:55:14
3 Team Primo #1 Iron Open NK 1:57:10
4 Outrigger Canoe Club #4 Iron Open NK 1:58:06
5 Kailua Canoe Club #2 Iron Open NK 1:58:26
6 Kai Opua #9 Iron Open NK 1:59:14
7 Team Steine Iron Open NK 2:00:15
8 Keauhou/Livestrong Iron Open NK 2:00:43
9 Kamehameha CC-Hilo #3 Iron Open NK 2:00:52
10 Kailua Canoe Club #1 Iron Open NK 2:01:19
11 Hui Lanakila #4 Iron Open NK 2:02:13
12 Namolokama #2 Iron Open NK 2:03:02
13 Hui Lanakila #7 Iron Open Koa 2:03:16
14 Outrigger Canoe Club #7 Iron Open NK 2:03:18
15 Keaukaha Canoe Club #4 Hawn Racers 2:04:01
16 Leeward Kai Canoe Club #2 Iron Open NK 2:04:21
17 Keauhou Canoe Club #10 Iron Open Koa 2:04:47
18 Hui Lanakila #6 Iron Open NK 2:04:54
19 Kailua Canoe Club #6 Sr Masters 2:05:08
20 Waikoloa Canoe Club #5 Non Tradition 2:05:15
21 Waikiki Beach Boys #8 Iron Open NK 2:05:20
22 Keauhou Canoe Club #2 Masters 2:06:00
23 Puna Canoe Club #1 Iron Open Koa 2:06:18
24 Hong Kong Island #2 Iron Open NK 2:06:47
25 Keahiakahoe/Team Bradley Sr Masters 2:06:49
26 Na Kai Ewalu Iron Open NK 2:07:05
27 Tui Tonga #1 Iron Open Koa 2:07:19
28 Italy Iron Open NK 2:07:24
29 Kailua Canoe Club #3 Iron Open NK 2:07:25
30 Kai Opua #6 Masters 2:08:11
31 Namolokama #1 Iron Sr Mstrs 2:08:39
32 Kai Opua #11 Iron Open Koa 2:09:10
33 Tui Tonga #2 Hawn Racers 2:09:28
34 Kai Opua #2 Iron Open NK 2:09:44
35 Kamehameha CC-Hilo #4 Iron Open NK 2:09:49
36 Leeward Kai Canoe Club #1 Iron Open NK 2:09:51
37 Keoua #3 Iron Open Koa 2:10:10
38 Healani Canoe Club Iron Open NK 2:10:48
39 Kona Athletic Club #3 Unofficial 2:11:02
40 Hui Nalu Canoe Club #4 Iron Open NK 2:11:11
41 Team Honoura Iron Open Koa 2:11:26
42 Lae Ula O Kai #3 Iron Open NK 2:11:29
43 San Diego Beach Boys Iron Mstrs NK 2:11:31
44 Kailua Canoe Club #5 Masters 2:12:01
45 Kai Opua #4 Iron Open NK 2:12:25
46 Waikiki Surf Club #3 Hawn Racers 2:12:35
47 Kai Opua #5 Hawn Racers 2:13:02
48 Outrigger Canoe Club #5 Iron Open Koa 2:13:08
49 Hui Lanakila #5 Iron Open NK 2:13:35
50 Waikiki Beach Boys #9 Iron Open NK 2:13:52
51 Great Lakes Brigade Iron Gr Mstrs 2:13:55
52 Singapore Paddle Club (red) Iron Open NK 2:14:19
53 Keauhou Canoe Club #9 Sr Masters 2:14:22
54 Na Waa Hankahi CC #2 Hawn Racers 2:14:24
55 Koa Kai #2 Iron Mstrs NK 2:14:25
56 Kukio Unofficial 2:14:32
57 Alakai Nalu Iron Open NK 2:15:20
58 Lanakila California OCC Iron Sr Mstrs 2:15:32
59 Kaneohe Canoe #2 Iron Open NK 2:16:05
60 Waimanalo #1 Sr Masters 2:16:16
61 Kawaihae #5 Hawn Racers 2:16:34
62 Pacific Reach #2 Iron Open NK 2:16:55
63 Namolukama O Hanalei #2 Iron Open NK 2:17:11
64 Kamehameha Canoe Club-Oahu #2 Iron Open NK 2:17:20
65 Na Waa Hanakahi CC #1 Masters 2:17:38
66 Puuwai #2 Iron Mstrs NK 2:19:15
67 Ka Mamalahoe Canoe Club #4 Iron Open NK 2:19:18
68 Keauhou Canoe Club #8 Sr Masters 2:19:24
69 Kawaihae #4 Iron Mstrs NK 2:20:16
70 Santa Barbara OCC #3 Non Tradition 2:20:21
71 Easter Seals Iron Open NK 2:20:41
72 Waimanalo #2 Iron Mstrs NK 2:20:42
73 Waikiki Beach Boys #10 Iron Open NK 2:20:57
74 Singapore Paddle Club (black) Iron Open NK 2:21:12
75 Kahakai California Masters 2:21:33
76 Anuenue Canoe Club #2 Iron Gr Mstrs 2:22:08
77 Keauhou Canoe Club #7 Grand Masters 2:22:10
78 NAC Iron Open Koa 2:22:49
79 Keahiakahoe CC #2 (white) Iron Mstrs NK 2:23:42
80 Hui Nalu Canoe Club #3 Iron Gldn Mstr 2:24:07
81 Kihei Canoe Club Iron Gldn Mstr 2:24:13
82 Waimanalo #3 Iron Open NK 2:24:32
83 Keahiakahoe CC #3 Iron Sr Mstrs 2:24:38
84 Keahiakahoe CC #1 (black) Iron Mstrs NK 2:24:50
85 New Hope Iron Open NK 2:25:05
86 Keahiakahoe CC #4 Grand Masters 2:25:35
87 Mana`e Canoe Hawn Racers 2:25:46
88 Keaukaha Canoe Club #2 Sr Masters 2:25:49
89 Imua Canoe Club Iron Gr Mstrs 2:26:01
90 Santa Barbara OCC #5 Iron Open NK 2:26:11
91 Outrigger Canoe Club #6 Iron Gr Mstrs 2:26:58
92 Hui Wa'a O Wakinikona Iron Gr Mstrs 2:27:15
93 Team Three Man Unofficial 2:27:19
94 Alapa Hoe #2 Iron Mstrs NK 2:27:20
95 North Shore Canoe Club #2 Iron Open NK 2:27:46
96 Keoua #2 Iron Gldn Mstr 2:28:06
97 Ka Mamalahoe Canoe Club #5 Iron Open NK 2:28:37
98 Shonan Canoe Club #2 Iron Mstrs NK 2:28:42
99 Honolulu Pearl Club #2 Non Tradition 2:28:52
100 Alapa Hoe #3 Iron Open NK 2:28:56
101 Keoua #1 Iron Sr Mstrs 2:29:29
102 Waikiki Yacht Club #2 Iron Open NK 2:29:59
103 Naleo O Ke Kai #1 Iron Open NK 2:30:03
104 Kailana Canoe Club Iron Open Koa 2:30:13
105 Ikuna Koa #1 Iron Mstrs Koa 2:30:13
106 Kai Poha Canoe Club #4 Iron Mstrs NK 2:31:32
107 Hui Waa California #2 Iron Gr Mstrs 2:32:04
108 Lanakila Iki Canoe Club #1 Iron Mstrs NK 2:32:23
109 Kai Opua #1 Grand Masters 2:32:30
110 Ke Kai O`Uhane #1 Iron Mstrs NK 2:32:48
111 Ikuna Koa #2 Iron Open NK 2:33:38
112 Kai Ehitu Iron Open NK 2:34:11
113 Lanikai Iron Mstrs Koa 2:35:35
114 Kai Poha Canoe Club #3 Iron Open NK 2:36:32
115 Hawaiian OCC Yakoska Japan #2 Iron Sr Mstrs 2:36:34
116 Newport Outrigger #1 Iron Open NK 2:37:29
117 Hawaiian OCC Yakoska Japan #1 Iron Open NK 2:37:51
118 Texas Outrigger #2 Iron Open NK 2:38:16
119 Waikoloa Canoe Club #4 Iron Mstrs Koa 2:39:01
120 Newport Outrigger #2 Iron Gldn Mstr 2:39:56
121 Pukana O Ke Kai Iron Open NK 2:40:13
122 Hui Lokahi O Ke Kai #1 Iron Open NK 2:40:33
123 Beach Hayama #1 Iron Open NK 2:40:40
124 FCRCC #2 Iron Gldn Mstr 2:41:36
125 Paddlers Of Laka Hawn Racers 2:41:46
126 Autumn Rose Canoe Club #2 Iron Open NK 2:43:07
127 Kalihi Kai Iron Open NK 2:44:27
128 Anuenue Canoe Club #1 Iron Gr Mstrs 2:46:55
129 Benicia OCC #1 Iron Gldn Mstr 2:47:49
130 Keaukaha Canoe Club #3 Grand Masters 2:48:20
131 Kamehameha CC-Hilo #5 Iron Gr Mstrs 2:54:20
132 Pure Light Racing Unofficial 3:12:03
[Overall Results Men] [Men's Division Results] [Women's Division Results]
Queen Liliuokalani Long Distance Canoe RaceSeptember 5, 2009 - Kailua-Kona, Hawaii
Overall Results - Women

Place Name Division Time

1 Hui Lanakila #2 Iron Open NK 2:12:16
2 Waikiki Beach Boys #1 Iron Open NK 2:13:20
3 Waikiki Beach Boys #2 Iron Open NK 2:14:04
4 Kai Opua #3 Iron Open NK 2:16:54
5 Outrigger Canoe Club #1 Iron Open NK 2:19:17
6 Hui Lanakila #3 Iron Open Koa 2:20:15
7 Hawaiian Canoe Club #1 Iron Open NK 2:22:22
8 Waikiki Beach Boys #3 Iron Open NK 2:22:50
9 Outrigger Canoe Club #2 Iron Open Koa 2:23:58
10 Akarana Iron Open NK 2:24:36
11 Keauhou Canoe Club #3 Iron Open Koa 2:24:59
12 Namolokama #3 Iron Mstrs NK 2:26:39
13 Hanalei #2 Hawn Racers 2:27:11
14 Hawaiian Canoe Club #2 Iron Open NK 2:27:16
15 Kai Opua #8 Iron Open Koa 2:28:12
16 Hui Lanakila #1 Iron Open NK 2:28:38
17 Lae Ula O Kai #2 Iron Mstrs NK 2:28:51
18 Lae Ula O Kai #1 Iron Open NK 2:29:26
19 Waikiki Beach Boys #5 Iron Open NK 2:29:34
20 Puna Canoe Club #2 Iron Open Koa 2:29:58
21 Outrigger Canoe Club #3 Iron Open NK 2:30:09
22 Patterson Lakes Outrigger Iron Open NK 2:30:28
23 Kahana #1 Iron Open NK 2:30:45
24 Waikiki Beach Boys #4 Iron Open NK 2:30:51
25 Kaiola #2 Iron Open NK 2:30:51
26 Kai Opua #10 Iron Mstrs Koa 2:31:18
27 Puna Canoe Club #4 Iron Mstrs NK 2:31:34
28 Kahana #2 Iron Open NK 2:31:48
29 Oceanside Outigger Iron Open NK 2:32:14
30 Kona Athletic Club #2 Unofficial 2:33:06
31 Kai Opua #7 Hawn Racers 2:33:21
32 Kona Athletic Club #1 Iron Mstrs Koa 2:33:46
33 Santa Barbara OCC #1 Iron Open NK 2:34:04
34 Waikiki Surf Club #1 Iron Open NK 2:35:21
35 Cronulla Outrigger Canoe Club Iron Open NK 2:35:34
36 Team Ray Iron Open NK 2:35:36
37 Hawaiian Canoe Club #3 Iron Open NK 2:36:56
38 Keauhou Canoe Club #6 Sr Masters 2:37:09
39 Puuwai #1 Iron Mstrs NK 2:37:35
40 Kukui Canoe Club Iron Open NK 2:37:48
41 Na Waa Hanakahi CC #3 Hawn Racers 2:37:56
42 Marina Del Rey #1 Iron Open NK 2:38:05
43 Waikoloa Canoe Club #1 Non Tradition 2:38:17
44 Waikiki Beach Boys #6 Iron Open NK 2:38:32
45 Northern Beaches Outrigger CC Iron Open NK 2:38:58
46 Marina Del Rey #2 Iron Open NK 2:39:14
47 Kamehameha CC-Hilo #1 Masters 2:39:36
48 NCA Outrigger Iron Mstrs Koa 2:39:43
49 Hui Nalu Canoe Club #1 Iron Open NK 2:39:59
50 Kamehameha CC-Hilo #2 Iron Open NK 2:40:05
51 Kawaikini Canoe Club #2 Iron Open NK 2:40:17
52 Hong Kong Island #1 Iron Open NK 2:40:23
53 Puna Canoe Club #3 Iron Mstrs NK 2:41:22
54 Santa Barbara OCC #2 Iron Open NK 2:41:23
55 Team Kalakoa Iron Open NK 2:42:04
56 Keauhou Canoe Club #1 Hawn Racers 2:44:46
57 Hui Nalu Canoe Club #2 Iron Open NK 2:45:13
58 Keauhou Canoe Club #5 Iron Open NK 2:45:28
59 Kai Opua #12 Grand Masters 2:45:32
60 Leeward Kai #1 Iron Open NK 2:45:53
61 Kawaihae #2 Iron Mstrs Koa 2:46:08
62 Kailua Canoe Club #4 Hawn Racers 2:46:18
63 Keauhou Canoe Club #4 Iron Open NK 2:46:22
64 Waikoloa Canoe Club #3 Iron Open Koa 2:46:57
65 Kawaihae #3 Iron Open NK 2:47:15
66 Kawaikini Canoe Club #1 Iron Open NK 2:47:39
67 Team Medusa Iron Open NK 2:47:46
68 Ka Mamalahoe Canoe Club #2 Iron Open NK 2:48:11
69 Waikiki Beach Boys #7 Iron Open NK 2:49:25
70 Puna Kailani Iron Gldn Mstr 2:49:44
71 Team Golden Girls Iron Mstrs Koa 2:50:24
72 Shonan Canoe Club #1 Iron Open NK 2:50:25
73 NCAWPA Iron Gldn Mstr 2:50:28
74 Waimanalo #5 Iron Open NK 2:50:40
75 Newport/Wailea Iron Open NK 2:50:42
76 Waikoloa Mamalahoe Masters 2:50:55
77 Pacific Reach #1 Iron Open NK 2:51:18
78 Honolulu Pearl Club #1 Non Tradition 2:51:34
79 Kai Poha Canoe Club #1 Iron Open NK 2:51:44
80 Lanakila Iki Canoe Club #2 Iron Open NK 2:51:56
81 Hui Lokahi O Ke Kai #2 Iron Open NK 2:52:15
82 Hawaiian Canoe Club #4 Grand Masters 2:52:15
83 Kona Athletic Club #4 Non Tradition 2:52:42
84 Koa Kai #1 Iron Open NK 2:52:56
85 Hanalei #1 Iron Open NK 2:53:00
86 Waikoloa Canoe Club #2 Iron Open NK 2:53:48
87 Ka Mamalahoe Canoe Club #3 Iron Open NK 2:54:03
88 Leeward Kai #2 Iron Open NK 2:54:19
89 Kaneohe Canoe Club #1 Iron Mstrs NK 2:54:30
90 Team Arizona Iron Open NK 2:55:00
91 Mano O Ke Kai Masters 2:55:24
92 Alapa Hoe #1 Iron Open NK 2:56:35
93 Waimanalo #4 Iron Open NK 2:56:43
94 Off Shore Iron Open NK 2:57:08
95 Kali Kai Kono Iron Open Koa 2:57:57
96 Autumn Rose Canoe Club #1 Iron Open NK 2:58:05
97 Kamehameha Canoe Club-Oahu #1 Iron Open NK 2:58:19
98 FCRCC #1 Iron Gldn Mstr 2:59:36
99 Lanakila Canoe Club #1 Iron Open Koa 2:59:47
100 Hui Waa California #1 Iron Gldn Mstr 3:01:56
101 Kilohana Canoe Club Iron Open NK 3:02:17
102 Texas Outrigger #1 Iron Open NK 3:02:42
103 Ke Kai O`Uhane #2 Iron Open NK 3:03:20
104 Keaukaha Canoe Club #1 Sr Masters 3:03:23
105 Waikiki Yacht Club #1 Iron Mstrs NK 3:03:29
106 Waikiki Surf Club #2 Iron Open NK 3:03:33
107 Kawaihae #1 Iron Mstrs NK 3:03:40
108 Waikiki Yacht Club #3 Iron Open NK 3:05:08
109 North Shore Canoe Club #1 Iron Mstrs Koa 3:06:35
110 Ka Mamalahoe Canoe Club #1 Sr Masters 3:06:48
111 Naleo O Ke Kai #2 Iron Open NK 3:06:58
112 Waimanalo #6 Iron Open NK 3:08:00
113 Kai Oni Iron Open NK 3:08:42
114 Kawaikini Canoe Club #3 Iron Sr Mstrs 3:09:46
115 Kai Poha Canoe Club #2 Iron Gldn Mstr 3:11:35
116 Benicia OCC #2 Iron Mstrs NK 3:18:50
117 Beach Hayama #2 Iron Open NK 3:25:38
118 Ikuna Koa #3 Iron Open NK 3:26:24
119 Texas Outrigger #3 Iron Open NK 3:27:11
[JTL Home] [Overall Results Men] [Overall Results Women] [Women's Division Results]
Queen Liliuokalani Long Distance Canoe RaceSeptember 5, 2009 - Kailua-Kona, Hawaii
Men's Division Results

Place Name Time

Iron Open NK Male
1 Team Primo #2 1:52:34
2 Livestrong 1:55:14
3 Team Primo #1 1:57:10
4 Outrigger Canoe Club #4 1:58:06
5 Kailua Canoe Club #2 1:58:26
6 Kai Opua #9 1:59:14
7 Team Steine 2:00:15
8 Keauhou/Livestrong 2:00:43
9 Kamehameha CC-Hilo #3 2:00:52
10 Kailua Canoe Club #1 2:01:19
11 Hui Lanakila #4 2:02:13
12 Namolokama #2 2:03:02
13 Outrigger Canoe Club #7 2:03:18
14 Leeward Kai Canoe Club #2 2:04:21
15 Hui Lanakila #6 2:04:54
16 Waikiki Beach Boys #8 2:05:20
17 Hong Kong Island #2 2:06:47
18 Na Kai Ewalu 2:07:05
19 Italy 2:07:24
20 Kailua Canoe Club #3 2:07:25
21 Kai Opua #2 2:09:44
22 Kamehameha CC-Hilo #4 2:09:49
23 Leeward Kai Canoe Club #1 2:09:51
24 Healani Canoe Club 2:10:48
25 Hui Nalu Canoe Club #4 2:11:11
26 Lae Ula O Kai #3 2:11:29
27 Kai Opua #4 2:12:25
28 Hui Lanakila #5 2:13:35
29 Waikiki Beach Boys #9 2:13:52
30 Singapore Paddle Club (red) 2:14:19
31 Alakai Nalu 2:15:20
32 Kaneohe Canoe #2 2:16:05
33 Pacific Reach #2 2:16:55
34 Namolukama O Hanalei #2 2:17:11
35 Kamehameha Canoe Club-Oahu #2 2:17:20
36 Ka Mamalahoe Canoe Club #4 2:19:18
37 Easter Seals 2:20:41
38 Waikiki Beach Boys #10 2:20:57
39 Singapore Paddle Club (black) 2:21:12
40 Waimanalo #3 2:24:32
41 New Hope 2:25:05
42 Santa Barbara OCC #5 2:26:11
43 North Shore Canoe Club #2 2:27:46
44 Ka Mamalahoe Canoe Club #5 2:28:37
45 Alapa Hoe #3 2:28:56
46 Waikiki Yacht Club #2 2:29:59
47 Naleo O Ke Kai #1 2:30:03
48 Ikuna Koa #2 2:33:38
49 Kai Ehitu 2:34:11
50 Kai Poha Canoe Club #3 2:36:32
51 Newport Outrigger #1 2:37:29
52 Hawaiian OCC Yakoska Japan #1 2:37:51
53 Texas Outrigger #2 2:38:16
54 Pukana O Ke Kai 2:40:13
55 Hui Lokahi O Ke Kai #1 2:40:33
56 Beach Hayama #1 2:40:40
57 Autumn Rose Canoe Club #2 2:43:07
58 Kalihi Kai 2:44:27

Iron Open Koa Male
1 Hui Lanakila #7 2:03:16
2 Keauhou Canoe Club #10 2:04:47
3 Puna Canoe Club #1 2:06:18
4 Tui Tonga #1 2:07:19
5 Kai Opua #11 2:09:10
6 Keoua #3 2:10:10
7 Team Honoura 2:11:26
8 Outrigger Canoe Club #5 2:13:08
9 NAC 2:22:49
10 Kailana Canoe Club 2:30:13

Iron Mstrs NK Male
1 San Diego Beach Boys 2:11:31
2 Koa Kai #2 2:14:25
3 Puuwai #2 2:19:15
4 Kawaihae #4 2:20:16
5 Waimanalo #2 2:20:42
6 Keahiakahoe CC #2 (white) 2:23:42
7 Keahiakahoe CC #1 (black) 2:24:50
8 Alapa Hoe #2 2:27:20
9 Shonan Canoe Club #2 2:28:42
10 Kai Poha Canoe Club #4 2:31:32
11 Lanakila Iki Canoe Club #1 2:32:23
12 Ke Kai O`Uhane #1 2:32:48

Iron Mstrs Koa Male
1 Ikuna Koa #1 2:30:13
2 Lanikai 2:35:35
3 Waikoloa Canoe Club #4 2:39:01

Iron Sr Mstrs Male
1 Namolokama #1 2:08:39
2 Lanakila California OCC 2:15:32
3 Keahiakahoe CC #3 2:24:38
4 Keoua #1 2:29:29
5 Hawaiian OCC Yakoska Japan #2 2:36:34

Masters Male
1 Keauhou Canoe Club #2 2:06:00
2 Kai Opua #6 2:08:11
3 Kailua Canoe Club #5 2:12:01
4 Na Waa Hanakahi CC #1 2:17:38
5 Kahakai California 2:21:33

Sr Masters Male
1 Kailua Canoe Club #6 2:05:08
2 Keahiakahoe/Team Bradley 2:06:49
3 Keauhou Canoe Club #9 2:14:22
4 Waimanalo #1 2:16:16
5 Keauhou Canoe Club #8 2:19:24
6 Keaukaha Canoe Club #2 2:25:49

Iron Gldn Mstr Male
1 Hui Nalu Canoe Club #3 2:24:07
2 Kihei Canoe Club 2:24:13
3 Keoua #2 2:28:06
4 Newport Outrigger #2 2:39:56
5 FCRCC #2 2:41:36
6 Benicia OCC #1 2:47:49

Grand Masters Male
1 Keauhou Canoe Club #7 2:22:10
2 Keahiakahoe CC #4 2:25:35
3 Kai Opua #1 2:32:30
4 Keaukaha Canoe Club #3 2:48:20

Hawn Racers Male
1 Keaukaha Canoe Club #4 2:04:01
2 Tui Tonga #2 2:09:28
3 Waikiki Surf Club #3 2:12:35
4 Kai Opua #5 2:13:02
5 Na Waa Hankahi CC #2 2:14:24
6 Kawaihae #5 2:16:34
7 Mana`e Canoe 2:25:46
8 Paddlers Of Laka 2:41:46

Iron Gr Mstrs Male
1 Great Lakes Brigade 2:13:55
2 Anuenue Canoe Club #2 2:22:08
3 Imua Canoe Club 2:26:01
4 Outrigger Canoe Club #6 2:26:58
5 Hui Wa'a O Wakinikona 2:27:15
6 Hui Waa California #2 2:32:04
7 Anuenue Canoe Club #1 2:46:55
8 Kamehameha CC-Hilo #5 2:54:20

Non Tradition Male
1 Waikoloa Canoe Club #5 2:05:15
2 Santa Barbara OCC #3 2:20:21
3 Honolulu Pearl Club #2 2:28:52

Unofficial Male
1 Kona Athletic Club #3 2:11:02
2 Kukio 2:14:32
3 Team Three Man 2:27:19
4 Pure Light Racing 3:12:03
[JTL Home] [Overall Results Men] [Overall Results Women] [Men's Division Results]
Queen Liliuokalani Long Distance Canoe RaceSeptember 5, 2009 - Kailua-Kona, Hawaii
Women's Division Results

Place Name Time

Iron Open NK Female
1 Hui Lanakila #2 2:12:16
2 Waikiki Beach Boys #1 2:13:20
3 Waikiki Beach Boys #2 2:14:04
4 Kai Opua #3 2:16:54
5 Outrigger Canoe Club #1 2:19:17
6 Hawaiian Canoe Club #1 2:22:22
7 Waikiki Beach Boys #3 2:22:50
8 Akarana 2:24:36
9 Hawaiian Canoe Club #2 2:27:16
10 Hui Lanakila #1 2:28:38
11 Lae Ula O Kai #1 2:29:26
12 Waikiki Beach Boys #5 2:29:34
13 Outrigger Canoe Club #3 2:30:09
14 Patterson Lakes Outrigger 2:30:28
15 Kahana #1 2:30:45
16 Waikiki Beach Boys #4 2:30:51
17 Kaiola #2 2:30:51
18 Kahana #2 2:31:48
19 Oceanside Outigger 2:32:14
20 Santa Barbara OCC #1 2:34:04
21 Waikiki Surf Club #1 2:35:21
22 Cronulla Outrigger Canoe Club 2:35:34
23 Team Ray 2:35:36
24 Hawaiian Canoe Club #3 2:36:56
25 Kukui Canoe Club 2:37:48
26 Marina Del Rey #1 2:38:05
27 Waikiki Beach Boys #6 2:38:32
28 Northern Beaches Outrigger CC 2:38:58
29 Marina Del Rey #2 2:39:14
30 Hui Nalu Canoe Club #1 2:39:59
31 Kamehameha CC-Hilo #2 2:40:05
32 Kawaikini Canoe Club #2 2:40:17
33 Hong Kong Island #1 2:40:23
34 Santa Barbara OCC #2 2:41:23
35 Team Kalakoa 2:42:04
36 Hui Nalu Canoe Club #2 2:45:13
37 Keauhou Canoe Club #5 2:45:28
38 Leeward Kai #1 2:45:53
39 Keauhou Canoe Club #4 2:46:22
40 Kawaihae #3 2:47:15
41 Kawaikini Canoe Club #1 2:47:39
42 Team Medusa 2:47:46
43 Ka Mamalahoe Canoe Club #2 2:48:11
44 Waikiki Beach Boys #7 2:49:25
45 Shonan Canoe Club #1 2:50:25
46 Waimanalo #5 2:50:40
47 Newport/Wailea 2:50:42
48 Pacific Reach #1 2:51:18
49 Kai Poha Canoe Club #1 2:51:44
50 Lanakila Iki Canoe Club #2 2:51:56
51 Hui Lokahi O Ke Kai #2 2:52:15
52 Koa Kai #1 2:52:56
53 Hanalei #1 2:53:00
54 Waikoloa Canoe Club #2 2:53:48
55 Ka Mamalahoe Canoe Club #3 2:54:03
56 Leeward Kai #2 2:54:19
57 Team Arizona 2:55:00
58 Alapa Hoe #1 2:56:35
59 Waimanalo #4 2:56:43
60 Off Shore 2:57:08
61 Autumn Rose Canoe Club #1 2:58:05
62 Kamehameha Canoe Club-Oahu #1 2:58:19
63 Kilohana Canoe Club 3:02:17
64 Texas Outrigger #1 3:02:42
65 Ke Kai O`Uhane #2 3:03:20
66 Waikiki Surf Club #2 3:03:33
67 Waikiki Yacht Club #3 3:05:08
68 Naleo O Ke Kai #2 3:06:58
69 Waimanalo #6 3:08:00
70 Kai Oni 3:08:42
71 Beach Hayama #2 3:25:38
72 Ikuna Koa #3 3:26:24
73 Texas Outrigger #3 3:27:11

Iron Open Koa Female
1 Hui Lanakila #3 2:20:15
2 Outrigger Canoe Club #2 2:23:58
3 Keauhou Canoe Club #3 2:24:59
4 Kai Opua #8 2:28:12
5 Puna Canoe Club #2 2:29:58
6 Waikoloa Canoe Club #3 2:46:57
7 Kali Kai Kono 2:57:57
8 Lanakila Canoe Club #1 2:59:47

Iron Mstrs NK Female
1 Namolokama #3 2:26:39
2 Lae Ula O Kai #2 2:28:51
3 Puna Canoe Club #4 2:31:34
4 Puuwai #1 2:37:35
5 Puna Canoe Club #3 2:41:22
6 Kaneohe Canoe Club #1 2:54:30
7 Waikiki Yacht Club #1 3:03:29
8 Kawaihae #1 3:03:40
9 Benicia OCC #2 3:18:50

Iron Mstrs Koa Female
1 Kai Opua #10 2:31:18
2 Kona Athletic Club #1 2:33:46
3 NCA Outrigger 2:39:43
4 Kawaihae #2 2:46:08
5 Team Golden Girls 2:50:24
6 North Shore Canoe Club #1 3:06:35

Iron Sr Mstrs Female
1 Kawaikini Canoe Club #3 3:09:46

Masters Female
1 Kamehameha CC-Hilo #1 2:39:36
2 Waikoloa Mamalahoe 2:50:55
3 Mano O Ke Kai 2:55:24

Sr Masters Female
1 Keauhou Canoe Club #6 2:37:09
2 Keaukaha Canoe Club #1 3:03:23
3 Ka Mamalahoe Canoe Club #1 3:06:48

Iron Gldn Mstr Female
1 Puna Kailani 2:49:44
2 NCAWPA 2:50:28
3 FCRCC #1 2:59:36
4 Hui Waa California #1 3:01:56
5 Kai Poha Canoe Club #2 3:11:35

Grand Masters Female
1 Kai Opua #12 2:45:32
2 Hawaiian Canoe Club #4 2:52:15

Hawn Racers Female
1 Hanalei #2 2:27:11
2 Kai Opua #7 2:33:21
3 Na Waa Hanakahi CC #3 2:37:56
4 Keauhou Canoe Club #1 2:44:46
5 Kailua Canoe Club #4 2:46:18

Non Tradition Female
1 Waikoloa Canoe Club #1 2:38:17
2 Honolulu Pearl Club #1 2:51:34
3 Kona Athletic Club #4 2:52:42

Unofficial Female
1 Kona Athletic Club #2 2:33:06
[JTL Home] [Overall Results Men] [Overall Results Women] [Men's Division Results] [Women's Division Results]
[JTL Home] [Women's Division Results] [Mixed Division Results]
Official Results by: JTL Timing SystemsQueen Liliuokalani Long Distance Canoe RaceSeptember 6, 2009 - Kailua-Kona, Hawaii
Men's Division Results

Place Name Time

OC6 - 15 Male
1 Kai Opua #2 :31:12

OC6 - 16 Male
1 Leeward Kai Canoe Club :27:25

OC6 - 17 & 18 Male
1 Hui Nalu :28:01
2 NAC #2 :30:32
3 Autumn Rose CC #1 :32:07

OC1 19-39 Male
1 Mike Hangai :31:29
2 Jeremy Padayao :32:05
3 Joe Zenk :32:28
4 Chris Marlow :33:08
5 Laakea Carovahlo :33:14
6 Nick Ah Yo :33:25
7 Ivan McIvor :33:27
8 Mikey Gomes :34:26
9 Theron Ogata :34:36
10 Kapuni Patcho :35:11
11 Nathan Loyola :35:32
12 Chauncey Cody :36:04
13 Michael Delima :36:46

OC1 40-49 Male
1 Duke Kaneko :33:33
2 Eddie Nabarro :34:06
3 Michael Sweeney :34:22
4 William Oliver :35:35
5 John Hart :36:20
6 Michael Haring :39:44

OC1 50-59 Male
1 Tavotaha Benoit :31:50
2 Steve Cole :32:54
3 Kamoa Kalama :34:14
4 Fred Delos Santos :34:30
5 David Avila :36:24
6 Eric Soo :37:28
7 Kerry Long :38:29

OC1 60+ Male
1 John Roberts :34:46
2 Jon Amundson :35:22
3 Mike O'Shaughnessy :35:29
4 Steve Arnett :35:33
5 Joseph Ah yuen :39:00

OC1 TEEN Male
1 Dan Gampon :40:53
2 Terry Prest :45:10
3 Tomas Kratka :47:41

OC2 19-39 Male
1 Hayward/Bess :30:00
2 Morioka/Kahana :32:09

OC2 40-49 Male
1 Steeve Guilloux :31:47
2 Santiago/Bo :32:19
3 Akau/Akau :32:43

OC2 50+ Male
1 Ferry/Enos :30:52
2 Hewlit/Harasaki :31:54
3 Sullivan/Nakachi :33:46

DH OPEN Male
1 Tui Tonga 12 Pack :27:42
2 Wakiki Beach Boys #1 :27:54
3 Kamehameha #2 :28:48
4 Na Kai Ewalu :29:12
5 Outrigger Yakoska Japan :32:59
6 Newport Outrigger :33:10

DH MASTER Male
1 Kahakai/Waikiki Beach Boys :30:41

DH SR MASTER Male
1 Lanakila California :29:24
2 Keauhou #6 :30:13
3 Keoua :32:04
4 Keaukaha #2 :34:18

DH GRAND MASTR Male
1 Keauhou #5 :30:36
2 Kamanu Hui wa'a O Wakinikoma :30:43
3 Keahiakahoe/Anuenue :32:01
4 Kai Poha :34:49
5 Imua California :35:20

Stand Up Pad Male
1 Jeff Silva :42:52
2 Black Abraham :47:00
3 Raydon Vasquez :49:34
4 Kalani Kahalioumi :50:50
5 Rob Borrelli 1:12:44
[JTL Home] [Men's Division Results] [Mixed Division Results]
Queen Liliuokalani Long Distance Canoe RaceSeptember 6, 2009 - Kailua-Kona, Hawaii
Women's Division Results

Place Name Time

OC6 - 16 Female
1 Kai Opua #3 :35:19

OC6 - 17 & 18 Female
1 Kai Opua #1 :33:03
2 Waikiki Surf Club :33:53
3 Autumn Rose CC :35:18

OC1 19-39 Female
1 Pauline Benson :39:42
2 Linda Warren :41:34
3 Rangi Rapana :41:44
4 Pua Kuaihue :41:55
5 Carissa Rosenbohm :44:19
6 Natasha Ibara :48:59
7 Nadia Ibara :51:24

OC1 40-49 Female
1 Georgie Were :38:56
2 Brenda Lovette :50:09

OC1 50-59 Female
1 Leslie Crawford :43:02
2 Joreen Knox :43:55
3 Lonny Higgins :44:57
4 Dee Sawyers 1:03:23

OC1 TEEN Female
1 Amy Rohr :50:33
2 Haunani Bondang 1:02:44

OC2 19-39 Female
1 Cadaoas/Kimbal :36:41
2 Bender/Bender :43:14

OC2 40-49 Female
1 Dulaney/Goodman :35:11
2 Newland/Louie :37:57

OC2 50+ Female
1 Young/Leahy :38:22
2 Fong/Woods :39:17

OC2 TEEN Female
1 Nakagawa/Nakagawa :47:47

DH OPEN Female
1 Waikiki Beach Boys #1 :30:52
2 Waikiki Beach Boys #2 :32:00
3 Northern Beaches :32:02
4 Keauhou #1 :32:52
5 Kamehameha Hilo :33:19
6 Puna :34:17
7 Kawaikini :35:18
8 Autumn Rose :35:32
9 Kawaihae #1 :35:58
10 Team Kalakoa :37:24

DH SR MASTER Female
1 Keauhou #2 :35:22
2 NCAWPA :36:25
3 C & H :36:43
4 Kawaikiki/Kaiola :38:08
5 Keaukaha #1 :39:09

DH GRAND MASTR Female
1 Keauhou #3 :34:26
2 Hawaiian Canoe Club :36:38
3 Grand Flames :41:31

Stand Up Pad Female
1 Rebeka Lussiaa :53:06
2 Kahanu Delovio 1:05:53
[JTL Home] [Men's Division Results] [Women's Division Results]
Queen Liliuokalani Long Distance Canoe RaceSeptember 6, 2009 - Kailua-Kona, Hawaii
Mixed Division Results

Place Name Time


OC2 Mx 40+
1 Talaoega/Talauega :32:45
2 Balidoy/Balidoy :32:50
3 Berengene/Holzman :33:49
4 Streiter/Rey :35:55
5 Yahiro/Yahiro :38:55

OC2 MX 19-39
1 Webster/Dorminy :33:51
2 Lii/Birse :35:34

DH MIXED OPEN
1 Team Steinlager :28:39
2 Namolokama :29:50
3 Lae Ula O Kai :30:05
4 Team Leighten :30:21
5 Team Honoura :30:28
6 Kawaihae #2 :30:30
7 Singapore Paddle Club :30:46
8 Waikik Surf Club :30:49
9 Hong Kong Island :30:54
10 Keauhou #4 :31:13
11 Puuwai Canoe Club :31:23
12 Ka Mamalahoe :32:05
13 Pacific Reach :32:14
14 Waimanalo :32:57
15 Kai Ehitu :33:01
16 Team Golden :33:40
17 Ikuna Koa :33:49
18 Keola O Ke Kai :33:51
19 Shonan Outrigger :33:53
20 Santa Barbara Ourtrigger :34:37
21 Ke Kai O Uhane :34:45
22 False Creek Racing :34:49
23 Hui Lokahi O Ke Kai :35:27
24 Texas Outrigger :35:28
25 Keoua CC :35:43
26 Benicia CC :35:58
27 Alapa Hoe :36:08
28 Pure Light Racing :36:12
29 Pukana O Ke Kai :36:32
30 Waikoloa :36:36
31 Ventura CC :39:14

OC6 - Mixed
1 NAC #1 :36:36
[JTL Home] [Men's Division Results] [Women's Division Results] [Mixed Division Results]

Green Sea Turtle Chelonia mydas

Chelonia mydasGreen Sea Turtle [+]
Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: ReptiliaOrder: TestudinesFamily: CheloniidaeGenus: Cheloniaspecies: Chelonia mydas+ITIS +WoRMS +Conservation StatusGreen Sea Turtle Photo Gallery
Description & Behavior
Video: Dolphins and Green sea turtles of the Galápagos (3:37 13MB)
The green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758), is a Chelonian - which means it has four legs and a tough shell made of two parts which join at the sides.
Chelonians also have strong horny mouths or beaks with no teeth. There are three types of Chelonians - tortoises that live on land, terrapins that live in fresh water, and marine turtles that live in the sea. They are all members of the Class of Reptiles (Reptilia).
The green sea turtle's legs are shaped like flippers. Their heads are lizard-like, with a hooked beak and toothless jaw. Adult green sea turtles may grow up to 99 cm long and weigh 180 kg.
The top half of their shell is called the carapace. It feels smooth and is gray, green, brown and/or black. It's tougher than the under shell, which is called the plastron and is yellowish white. Males have a larger tail than females, slightly longer, narrower carapaces than females and enlarged curved claws on the front flippers for gripping the female when mating.
Controversy rages about splitting Chelonia mydas into subspecies based on the many size differences between populations in different parts of the world. The population found in the eastern Pacific is often called the black sea turtle, and is sometimes described as a separate species (Chelonia agassizi). Individuals from the East Pacific are smaller than their counterparts in the Western Caribbean in a wide range of external measurements, and are particularly dark in color, a trait that has shown to be genetically influenced.
The closely related flatback sea turtle is a little smaller than the green sea turtle and lives off the coast of Northern Australia.
Sea turtles are some of the largest turtles in the world and live in almost every ocean of the world. Their smooth shells and paddlelike flippers help them speed through the water as fast as 24 kph. These long distance travelers have been known to swim up to 4,828 km.
Although sea turtles cannot withdraw their heads into their shells, the adults are protected from predators by their shells, large size, and thick scaly skin on their heads and necks.
Sea turtles spend almost all their lives submerged but must breathe air for the oxygen needed to meet the demands of vigorous activity. With a single explosive exhalation and rapid inhalation, sea turtles can quickly replace the air in their lungs. The lungs are adapted to permit a rapid exchange of oxygen and to prevent gasses from being trapped during deep dives. The blood of sea turtles can deliver oxygen efficiently to body tissues even at the pressures encountered during diving. During routine activity green and loggerhead turtles dive for about 4 to 5 minutes and surface to breathe for 1 to 3 seconds. A female loggerhead tracked at sea made up to 500 dives every 12 hours.
Turtles can rest or sleep underwater for several hours at a time but submergence time is much shorter while diving for food or to escape predators. Breath-holding ability is affected by activity and stress, which is why turtles drown in shrimp trawls and other fishing gear within a relatively short time.
Because sea turtles are difficult to study in the open ocean, scientists are just beginning to learn about the life history of sea turtles. Today, radio transmitters, attached to nesting turtles, help track the sea creatures on their travels and provide valuable information.
World Range & Habitat
Green sea turtles are found in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans (Worldwide in seas where temperature does not fall below 20°C). They are sensitive to heat and cold and prefer the warmer parts of the oceans.
Males never leave the water, but females swim to the shore to lay their eggs.
» GBIF occurrence data in Google Earth [Requirements Tips] Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) [World Map] [about]
Feeding Behavior (Ecology)
Green sea turtles eat seaweed and algae, but they also eat sea creatures like jellyfish, comb jellies, crayfish, and crabs.
Life History
Although sea turtles move swiftly in the ocean, they are slow and defenseless on land. Male sea turtles almost never leave the water. Female sea turtles leave the ocean only to lay eggs and, for most species, nest only at night. A female may nest every 2-3 years.
Nesting can take between one and three hours. After a female turtle drags herself up the beach, she hollows out a pit with her back legs and deposits from fifty to two hundred eggs. When the last egg is laid, the turtle covers the eggs with sand, tamps down the sand with her plastron, and flings more sand about with her flippers to erase any signs of the nest. The green sea turtle has also been observed often digging another "decoy" nest next to the real one to deceive predators and keep their eggs safe.
After about two months, the hatchling turtles emerge at night. The light reflected off the water from the sky guides them to the sea. These days, car headlights, street lamps, or lights on buildings near the beach cause some hatchlings to travel in the wrong direction. Waiting herons make fast meals of other hatchlings. Any babies still on the beach in the morning are easily picked off by predators or die in the hot sun. It is thought that when the surviving hatchlings reach maturity, they return to the beach where they hatched to lay their eggs.
The female green sea turtle lays 70-130 eggs - each one about the size of a ping-pong ball. About two months later the eggs hatch and the young turtles head straight for sea. Somehow they know that they must live in the water and not on land. Baby green sea turtles weigh about 1 ounce, and are about 5 cm long.
Comments
The green sea turtle is now an endangered species, and the population has been completely eliminated in some areas, although it is still reasonable in other areas. The turtles have been overexploited for their meat, hides and eggs, and the predictability of their nesting habits has made them easy victims. Exploitation is now strictly controlled in some areas, and imports are banned in many countries.
References & Further Research
BioOne ~ CITES ~ Discover Life ~ GBIF ~ Google Scholar ~ ITIS ~ IUCN RedList ~ MarineBio Network ~ NCBI ~ SCIRIS ~ SIRIS ~ Tree of Life Web Project ~ Wikipedia
The Sea Turtle Restoration Project (STRP) :: http://www.seaturtles.orgHawaii's Marine Wildlife: Green Sea TurtlesTurtle Trax - A Sea Turtle PageGreen Turtle - NOAA FisheriesGreen Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas) - NOAA FisheriesEvaluation of the Black Turtle Project in Michoacán, MéxicoU.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Endangered SpeciesSeaturtle.org The State of the World's Sea Turtles (SWoT)IUCN/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist GroupIUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Search the Web for Green Sea Turtle » ARKive ~ Ask.com ~ Ask Jeeves ~ bing ~ deviantART ~ dmoz ~ Dogpile ~ Google Images ~ MySpace Images ~ OceanFootage ~ Picsearch ~ StumbleUpon ~ Yahoo! Images ~ YouTube
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