Tsunami Wave

The Tsunami Wave
The most common cause of a tsunami is an underwater earthquake.
Image: How Stuff Works (modified)


This diagram illustrates the difference between normal wind generated waves and tsunamis.
Download
Image: USGS (modified)

What To Do: When you are at the beach and feel an Earthquake: A strong off-shore earthquake may generate a tsunami. Therefore, if you feel the ground shake, evacuate to high ground immediately and return only after officials say it is safe to do so.
Tsunamis along the Pacific Coast. From southern British Columbia to northern California, people and property are at risk both from distantly and locally generated tsunamis. Recent studies indicate that about a dozen earthquakes (with magnitudes of 8 or more) have occurred in the Cascadia subduction zone west of Washington. (Map) In 1946, a tsunami was initiated by an earthquake in the Aleutian Islands of Alaska; in less than 5 hours, it reached Hawaii with waves as high as 55 feet.(NOAA)
More recently, in 1964, a magnitude 9.2 earthquake occurred in Prince William Sound, Alaska. The shock generated a tsunami that deviated many towns along the Gulf of Alaska, and left serious damage at Alberni and Port Alberni, Canada, along the West Coast of the United States (15 killed), and in Hawaii. The maximum wave height recorded was 67 meters at Valdez Inlet. Seiche action in rivers, lakes, bayous, and protected harbors and waterways along the Gulf Coast of Louisiana and Texas caused minor damage. It was also recorded on tide gages in Cuba and Puerto Rico.(USGS)
Tsunami Activity
The 1964 Alaskan tsunami generated waves of more than 20 feet at Crescent City, California, where it caused $7.5 million in damage and 11 deaths. It also produced waves ranging from 10 to 16 feet along parts of the California, Oregon, and Washington coasts.(USGS)
Photo: Del Norte CountyHistorical Society
1964 Crescent City Tsunami damage estimated at $7,414,000.
Understanding the Tsunami Wave
The rate at which a wave loses its energy is inversely related to its wavelength. Since a tsunami has a very large wavelength, it will lose little energy as it propagates. Thus, in very deep water, a tsunami will travel at high speeds with little loss of energy. For example, when the ocean is 6100 m deep, a tsunami will travel about 890 km/hr, and thus could travel across the Pacific Ocean in less than one day. (Washington State Dept. of Resources) Tsunami wave travel-time map
Warnings
When an earthquake that might generate a Pacific Coast Tsunami is detected, the Alaska Tsunami Warning Center and the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center calculates the danger and notifies the communities at risk. Those warnings may give people a few hours to prepare and evacuate (depending on the distance to the earthquake). If the earthquake occurs off our coast, however, there may be no time to send out hazard warnings. The first waves could arrive within minutes of the earthquake. The only tsunami warning might be the earthquake itself.

Kalutara Water Detail Imagery collected January 1, 2004Description:Area details before tsunami Download

Kalutara Water DetailImagery collected December 26, 2004Description:Receding waters from tsunamiDownload
Image: DigitalGlobe
Image: DigitalGlobe
Tsunami Warning Signs:
Posted along beaches throughout California to alert people to the potential danger.
Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake - December 26, 2004
A magnitude 9.0 (Mw) earthquake occurred on Sunday December 26 at 00:58 UTC of 6:58 AM local time in Sumatera. This earthquake occurred as the result of stresses generated by the motion of the Indo-Australian plate northeastward against the Burma subplate of the Eurasian plate at a rate of approximately 5 cm/yr (about two inches per year). Deformation of the Earth's crust in response to the plate motion takes place in a broad zone that spans the entire length of Indonesia extending north to the Andaman Islands of India and east of Timor Island. Aftershocks define a rupture zone about 650 miles long extending from Northern Sumatera to the Andaman Islands.
The earthquake produced a tsunami that affected the entire Indian Ocean. Peak runup was at least 20 meters (60 feet) in Indonesia and 5-10 meters in Sri Lanka more than 1000 miles from the source area. The first tsunami waves reached the coast of Northern Sumatera within minutes of the earthquake. The tsunami traveled outward across the Indian Ocean reaching Sri Lanka about 2 hours later. Somalia and the east coast of Africa were hit 7 hours after the earthquake.
The earthquake is the fourth largest global earthquake ever recorded since seismograph were developed in the late 1800s. It is an unprecedented event for the Indian Ocean in historic times. However paleoseismic studies of Kerry Sieh and his coworkers using corals to study early earthquakes on the Sumatran subduction zone estimated a M 8.8 9.2 earthquake occurred in 1833, (JGR, v. 104, no. B1, p. 895-919, 1999). They further infer that giant earthquakes break the subduction zone at intervals of about 230 years (2004 fall AGU abstracts T12B-04, PA23A-1444). Source: Dr. Lori Dengler, Humboldt State University
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Computer animation of the recent tsunami wave.Animation (Animation takes a moment to load -- be patient)
Download QuickTime
Research Links
Alaska Tsunami Warning Center, Emergency tsunami information for Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California, and Hawaii.
California Tsunami Inundation Maps NOAA Center for Tsunami Research, Inundation mapping.
Caltrans Tsunami Signs Policy, California Department of Transportation's official notification of tsunami warning signs.
Designing for Tsunamis National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program, Seven principles for planning and designing for tsunami hazards.
Frequently Asked Questions About Tsunamis, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Humboldt State University Dept of Geology, Tsunami hazard maps, historic tsunami lists, a paleotsunami core and more.
Humboldt State University Dept of Geology, Redwood Coast Tsunami Work Group, working to reduce earthquake and tsunami hazards along California's north coast.
NOAA Tsunami Research Program. Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, wave animation, wave travel charts, amplitude chart.
NOAA The IOC Tsunami Glossary, A 20 page document containing definitions and vocabulary used in the study of tsunamis.
On Shaky Ground, On Shaky Ground, A handbook prepared by Humboldt Earthquake Education Center.
Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, Emergency tsunami bulletins, safety, maps, and information for the Pacific and Hawaii.
Tsunami Mitigation Program within the California Earthquake Loss Reduction Plan, Tsunami assessment, education, warning, and mitigation efforts intended to reduce losses related to tsunamis.
Tsunami Publications, Western States Seismic Policy Council (WSSPC) Alaska, British Columbia, California, Guam, Hawaii, Oregon, Washington.
TsunamiReady, National Weather Service (NWS) initiative that promotes tsunami hazard preparedness as an active collaboration among Federal, state and local emergency management agencies, the public, and the NWS tsunami warning system. This collaboration supports better and more consistent tsunami awareness and mitigation efforts among communities at risk. The TsunamiReady program is based on the NWS StormReady model. The main goal is improvement of public safety during tsunami emergencies. (NWS)
Tsunami Threat to California, Findings and Recommendations of Tsunami Hazards and Risks. Appendix A: Report No. 05-03, (CSSC)
USC Tsunami Research Center, is an organization dedicated to the investigation of natural disasters known as tsunamis. Research includes field surveys, numerical and analytical modeling, hazard mitigation maps for California and planning.

Old Paddle New Paddle

Pokai bay paddlers restore paddles for Na Keiki O Kamoi. We were able to start on about, twenty or so, paddles. Dennis and Cookie worked on the bar-b-Q and lunch was terrific. As usual, we all had a boisterous time laughing, talking story, sanding and refinishing paddles. Marte, somehow, always manages to get the job done and done right.

Rudy and Dennis working on paddles.

Marte, Savanah, Dennis, Rudy, and The First Lady of the silver screen, or at least photoshop, Dale.

Marte, Savanah, Rudy working on paddles and Dale waiting for her close-up.

We are all waiting for the results. Who won?

Could it have been The Grand Flames ?
Yep!
Congatulations on your victory!

[JTL Home] [Overall Results Women] [Men's Division Results] [Women's Division Results]
Official Results by: JTL Timing SystemsQueen Liliuokalani Long Distance Canoe RaceSeptember 5, 2009 - Kailua-Kona, Hawaii
Overall Results - Men

Place Name Division Time

1 Team Primo #2 Iron Open NK 1:52:34
2 Livestrong Iron Open NK 1:55:14
3 Team Primo #1 Iron Open NK 1:57:10
4 Outrigger Canoe Club #4 Iron Open NK 1:58:06
5 Kailua Canoe Club #2 Iron Open NK 1:58:26
6 Kai Opua #9 Iron Open NK 1:59:14
7 Team Steine Iron Open NK 2:00:15
8 Keauhou/Livestrong Iron Open NK 2:00:43
9 Kamehameha CC-Hilo #3 Iron Open NK 2:00:52
10 Kailua Canoe Club #1 Iron Open NK 2:01:19
11 Hui Lanakila #4 Iron Open NK 2:02:13
12 Namolokama #2 Iron Open NK 2:03:02
13 Hui Lanakila #7 Iron Open Koa 2:03:16
14 Outrigger Canoe Club #7 Iron Open NK 2:03:18
15 Keaukaha Canoe Club #4 Hawn Racers 2:04:01
16 Leeward Kai Canoe Club #2 Iron Open NK 2:04:21
17 Keauhou Canoe Club #10 Iron Open Koa 2:04:47
18 Hui Lanakila #6 Iron Open NK 2:04:54
19 Kailua Canoe Club #6 Sr Masters 2:05:08
20 Waikoloa Canoe Club #5 Non Tradition 2:05:15
21 Waikiki Beach Boys #8 Iron Open NK 2:05:20
22 Keauhou Canoe Club #2 Masters 2:06:00
23 Puna Canoe Club #1 Iron Open Koa 2:06:18
24 Hong Kong Island #2 Iron Open NK 2:06:47
25 Keahiakahoe/Team Bradley Sr Masters 2:06:49
26 Na Kai Ewalu Iron Open NK 2:07:05
27 Tui Tonga #1 Iron Open Koa 2:07:19
28 Italy Iron Open NK 2:07:24
29 Kailua Canoe Club #3 Iron Open NK 2:07:25
30 Kai Opua #6 Masters 2:08:11
31 Namolokama #1 Iron Sr Mstrs 2:08:39
32 Kai Opua #11 Iron Open Koa 2:09:10
33 Tui Tonga #2 Hawn Racers 2:09:28
34 Kai Opua #2 Iron Open NK 2:09:44
35 Kamehameha CC-Hilo #4 Iron Open NK 2:09:49
36 Leeward Kai Canoe Club #1 Iron Open NK 2:09:51
37 Keoua #3 Iron Open Koa 2:10:10
38 Healani Canoe Club Iron Open NK 2:10:48
39 Kona Athletic Club #3 Unofficial 2:11:02
40 Hui Nalu Canoe Club #4 Iron Open NK 2:11:11
41 Team Honoura Iron Open Koa 2:11:26
42 Lae Ula O Kai #3 Iron Open NK 2:11:29
43 San Diego Beach Boys Iron Mstrs NK 2:11:31
44 Kailua Canoe Club #5 Masters 2:12:01
45 Kai Opua #4 Iron Open NK 2:12:25
46 Waikiki Surf Club #3 Hawn Racers 2:12:35
47 Kai Opua #5 Hawn Racers 2:13:02
48 Outrigger Canoe Club #5 Iron Open Koa 2:13:08
49 Hui Lanakila #5 Iron Open NK 2:13:35
50 Waikiki Beach Boys #9 Iron Open NK 2:13:52
51 Great Lakes Brigade Iron Gr Mstrs 2:13:55
52 Singapore Paddle Club (red) Iron Open NK 2:14:19
53 Keauhou Canoe Club #9 Sr Masters 2:14:22
54 Na Waa Hankahi CC #2 Hawn Racers 2:14:24
55 Koa Kai #2 Iron Mstrs NK 2:14:25
56 Kukio Unofficial 2:14:32
57 Alakai Nalu Iron Open NK 2:15:20
58 Lanakila California OCC Iron Sr Mstrs 2:15:32
59 Kaneohe Canoe #2 Iron Open NK 2:16:05
60 Waimanalo #1 Sr Masters 2:16:16
61 Kawaihae #5 Hawn Racers 2:16:34
62 Pacific Reach #2 Iron Open NK 2:16:55
63 Namolukama O Hanalei #2 Iron Open NK 2:17:11
64 Kamehameha Canoe Club-Oahu #2 Iron Open NK 2:17:20
65 Na Waa Hanakahi CC #1 Masters 2:17:38
66 Puuwai #2 Iron Mstrs NK 2:19:15
67 Ka Mamalahoe Canoe Club #4 Iron Open NK 2:19:18
68 Keauhou Canoe Club #8 Sr Masters 2:19:24
69 Kawaihae #4 Iron Mstrs NK 2:20:16
70 Santa Barbara OCC #3 Non Tradition 2:20:21
71 Easter Seals Iron Open NK 2:20:41
72 Waimanalo #2 Iron Mstrs NK 2:20:42
73 Waikiki Beach Boys #10 Iron Open NK 2:20:57
74 Singapore Paddle Club (black) Iron Open NK 2:21:12
75 Kahakai California Masters 2:21:33
76 Anuenue Canoe Club #2 Iron Gr Mstrs 2:22:08
77 Keauhou Canoe Club #7 Grand Masters 2:22:10
78 NAC Iron Open Koa 2:22:49
79 Keahiakahoe CC #2 (white) Iron Mstrs NK 2:23:42
80 Hui Nalu Canoe Club #3 Iron Gldn Mstr 2:24:07
81 Kihei Canoe Club Iron Gldn Mstr 2:24:13
82 Waimanalo #3 Iron Open NK 2:24:32
83 Keahiakahoe CC #3 Iron Sr Mstrs 2:24:38
84 Keahiakahoe CC #1 (black) Iron Mstrs NK 2:24:50
85 New Hope Iron Open NK 2:25:05
86 Keahiakahoe CC #4 Grand Masters 2:25:35
87 Mana`e Canoe Hawn Racers 2:25:46
88 Keaukaha Canoe Club #2 Sr Masters 2:25:49
89 Imua Canoe Club Iron Gr Mstrs 2:26:01
90 Santa Barbara OCC #5 Iron Open NK 2:26:11
91 Outrigger Canoe Club #6 Iron Gr Mstrs 2:26:58
92 Hui Wa'a O Wakinikona Iron Gr Mstrs 2:27:15
93 Team Three Man Unofficial 2:27:19
94 Alapa Hoe #2 Iron Mstrs NK 2:27:20
95 North Shore Canoe Club #2 Iron Open NK 2:27:46
96 Keoua #2 Iron Gldn Mstr 2:28:06
97 Ka Mamalahoe Canoe Club #5 Iron Open NK 2:28:37
98 Shonan Canoe Club #2 Iron Mstrs NK 2:28:42
99 Honolulu Pearl Club #2 Non Tradition 2:28:52
100 Alapa Hoe #3 Iron Open NK 2:28:56
101 Keoua #1 Iron Sr Mstrs 2:29:29
102 Waikiki Yacht Club #2 Iron Open NK 2:29:59
103 Naleo O Ke Kai #1 Iron Open NK 2:30:03
104 Kailana Canoe Club Iron Open Koa 2:30:13
105 Ikuna Koa #1 Iron Mstrs Koa 2:30:13
106 Kai Poha Canoe Club #4 Iron Mstrs NK 2:31:32
107 Hui Waa California #2 Iron Gr Mstrs 2:32:04
108 Lanakila Iki Canoe Club #1 Iron Mstrs NK 2:32:23
109 Kai Opua #1 Grand Masters 2:32:30
110 Ke Kai O`Uhane #1 Iron Mstrs NK 2:32:48
111 Ikuna Koa #2 Iron Open NK 2:33:38
112 Kai Ehitu Iron Open NK 2:34:11
113 Lanikai Iron Mstrs Koa 2:35:35
114 Kai Poha Canoe Club #3 Iron Open NK 2:36:32
115 Hawaiian OCC Yakoska Japan #2 Iron Sr Mstrs 2:36:34
116 Newport Outrigger #1 Iron Open NK 2:37:29
117 Hawaiian OCC Yakoska Japan #1 Iron Open NK 2:37:51
118 Texas Outrigger #2 Iron Open NK 2:38:16
119 Waikoloa Canoe Club #4 Iron Mstrs Koa 2:39:01
120 Newport Outrigger #2 Iron Gldn Mstr 2:39:56
121 Pukana O Ke Kai Iron Open NK 2:40:13
122 Hui Lokahi O Ke Kai #1 Iron Open NK 2:40:33
123 Beach Hayama #1 Iron Open NK 2:40:40
124 FCRCC #2 Iron Gldn Mstr 2:41:36
125 Paddlers Of Laka Hawn Racers 2:41:46
126 Autumn Rose Canoe Club #2 Iron Open NK 2:43:07
127 Kalihi Kai Iron Open NK 2:44:27
128 Anuenue Canoe Club #1 Iron Gr Mstrs 2:46:55
129 Benicia OCC #1 Iron Gldn Mstr 2:47:49
130 Keaukaha Canoe Club #3 Grand Masters 2:48:20
131 Kamehameha CC-Hilo #5 Iron Gr Mstrs 2:54:20
132 Pure Light Racing Unofficial 3:12:03
[Overall Results Men] [Men's Division Results] [Women's Division Results]
Queen Liliuokalani Long Distance Canoe RaceSeptember 5, 2009 - Kailua-Kona, Hawaii
Overall Results - Women

Place Name Division Time

1 Hui Lanakila #2 Iron Open NK 2:12:16
2 Waikiki Beach Boys #1 Iron Open NK 2:13:20
3 Waikiki Beach Boys #2 Iron Open NK 2:14:04
4 Kai Opua #3 Iron Open NK 2:16:54
5 Outrigger Canoe Club #1 Iron Open NK 2:19:17
6 Hui Lanakila #3 Iron Open Koa 2:20:15
7 Hawaiian Canoe Club #1 Iron Open NK 2:22:22
8 Waikiki Beach Boys #3 Iron Open NK 2:22:50
9 Outrigger Canoe Club #2 Iron Open Koa 2:23:58
10 Akarana Iron Open NK 2:24:36
11 Keauhou Canoe Club #3 Iron Open Koa 2:24:59
12 Namolokama #3 Iron Mstrs NK 2:26:39
13 Hanalei #2 Hawn Racers 2:27:11
14 Hawaiian Canoe Club #2 Iron Open NK 2:27:16
15 Kai Opua #8 Iron Open Koa 2:28:12
16 Hui Lanakila #1 Iron Open NK 2:28:38
17 Lae Ula O Kai #2 Iron Mstrs NK 2:28:51
18 Lae Ula O Kai #1 Iron Open NK 2:29:26
19 Waikiki Beach Boys #5 Iron Open NK 2:29:34
20 Puna Canoe Club #2 Iron Open Koa 2:29:58
21 Outrigger Canoe Club #3 Iron Open NK 2:30:09
22 Patterson Lakes Outrigger Iron Open NK 2:30:28
23 Kahana #1 Iron Open NK 2:30:45
24 Waikiki Beach Boys #4 Iron Open NK 2:30:51
25 Kaiola #2 Iron Open NK 2:30:51
26 Kai Opua #10 Iron Mstrs Koa 2:31:18
27 Puna Canoe Club #4 Iron Mstrs NK 2:31:34
28 Kahana #2 Iron Open NK 2:31:48
29 Oceanside Outigger Iron Open NK 2:32:14
30 Kona Athletic Club #2 Unofficial 2:33:06
31 Kai Opua #7 Hawn Racers 2:33:21
32 Kona Athletic Club #1 Iron Mstrs Koa 2:33:46
33 Santa Barbara OCC #1 Iron Open NK 2:34:04
34 Waikiki Surf Club #1 Iron Open NK 2:35:21
35 Cronulla Outrigger Canoe Club Iron Open NK 2:35:34
36 Team Ray Iron Open NK 2:35:36
37 Hawaiian Canoe Club #3 Iron Open NK 2:36:56
38 Keauhou Canoe Club #6 Sr Masters 2:37:09
39 Puuwai #1 Iron Mstrs NK 2:37:35
40 Kukui Canoe Club Iron Open NK 2:37:48
41 Na Waa Hanakahi CC #3 Hawn Racers 2:37:56
42 Marina Del Rey #1 Iron Open NK 2:38:05
43 Waikoloa Canoe Club #1 Non Tradition 2:38:17
44 Waikiki Beach Boys #6 Iron Open NK 2:38:32
45 Northern Beaches Outrigger CC Iron Open NK 2:38:58
46 Marina Del Rey #2 Iron Open NK 2:39:14
47 Kamehameha CC-Hilo #1 Masters 2:39:36
48 NCA Outrigger Iron Mstrs Koa 2:39:43
49 Hui Nalu Canoe Club #1 Iron Open NK 2:39:59
50 Kamehameha CC-Hilo #2 Iron Open NK 2:40:05
51 Kawaikini Canoe Club #2 Iron Open NK 2:40:17
52 Hong Kong Island #1 Iron Open NK 2:40:23
53 Puna Canoe Club #3 Iron Mstrs NK 2:41:22
54 Santa Barbara OCC #2 Iron Open NK 2:41:23
55 Team Kalakoa Iron Open NK 2:42:04
56 Keauhou Canoe Club #1 Hawn Racers 2:44:46
57 Hui Nalu Canoe Club #2 Iron Open NK 2:45:13
58 Keauhou Canoe Club #5 Iron Open NK 2:45:28
59 Kai Opua #12 Grand Masters 2:45:32
60 Leeward Kai #1 Iron Open NK 2:45:53
61 Kawaihae #2 Iron Mstrs Koa 2:46:08
62 Kailua Canoe Club #4 Hawn Racers 2:46:18
63 Keauhou Canoe Club #4 Iron Open NK 2:46:22
64 Waikoloa Canoe Club #3 Iron Open Koa 2:46:57
65 Kawaihae #3 Iron Open NK 2:47:15
66 Kawaikini Canoe Club #1 Iron Open NK 2:47:39
67 Team Medusa Iron Open NK 2:47:46
68 Ka Mamalahoe Canoe Club #2 Iron Open NK 2:48:11
69 Waikiki Beach Boys #7 Iron Open NK 2:49:25
70 Puna Kailani Iron Gldn Mstr 2:49:44
71 Team Golden Girls Iron Mstrs Koa 2:50:24
72 Shonan Canoe Club #1 Iron Open NK 2:50:25
73 NCAWPA Iron Gldn Mstr 2:50:28
74 Waimanalo #5 Iron Open NK 2:50:40
75 Newport/Wailea Iron Open NK 2:50:42
76 Waikoloa Mamalahoe Masters 2:50:55
77 Pacific Reach #1 Iron Open NK 2:51:18
78 Honolulu Pearl Club #1 Non Tradition 2:51:34
79 Kai Poha Canoe Club #1 Iron Open NK 2:51:44
80 Lanakila Iki Canoe Club #2 Iron Open NK 2:51:56
81 Hui Lokahi O Ke Kai #2 Iron Open NK 2:52:15
82 Hawaiian Canoe Club #4 Grand Masters 2:52:15
83 Kona Athletic Club #4 Non Tradition 2:52:42
84 Koa Kai #1 Iron Open NK 2:52:56
85 Hanalei #1 Iron Open NK 2:53:00
86 Waikoloa Canoe Club #2 Iron Open NK 2:53:48
87 Ka Mamalahoe Canoe Club #3 Iron Open NK 2:54:03
88 Leeward Kai #2 Iron Open NK 2:54:19
89 Kaneohe Canoe Club #1 Iron Mstrs NK 2:54:30
90 Team Arizona Iron Open NK 2:55:00
91 Mano O Ke Kai Masters 2:55:24
92 Alapa Hoe #1 Iron Open NK 2:56:35
93 Waimanalo #4 Iron Open NK 2:56:43
94 Off Shore Iron Open NK 2:57:08
95 Kali Kai Kono Iron Open Koa 2:57:57
96 Autumn Rose Canoe Club #1 Iron Open NK 2:58:05
97 Kamehameha Canoe Club-Oahu #1 Iron Open NK 2:58:19
98 FCRCC #1 Iron Gldn Mstr 2:59:36
99 Lanakila Canoe Club #1 Iron Open Koa 2:59:47
100 Hui Waa California #1 Iron Gldn Mstr 3:01:56
101 Kilohana Canoe Club Iron Open NK 3:02:17
102 Texas Outrigger #1 Iron Open NK 3:02:42
103 Ke Kai O`Uhane #2 Iron Open NK 3:03:20
104 Keaukaha Canoe Club #1 Sr Masters 3:03:23
105 Waikiki Yacht Club #1 Iron Mstrs NK 3:03:29
106 Waikiki Surf Club #2 Iron Open NK 3:03:33
107 Kawaihae #1 Iron Mstrs NK 3:03:40
108 Waikiki Yacht Club #3 Iron Open NK 3:05:08
109 North Shore Canoe Club #1 Iron Mstrs Koa 3:06:35
110 Ka Mamalahoe Canoe Club #1 Sr Masters 3:06:48
111 Naleo O Ke Kai #2 Iron Open NK 3:06:58
112 Waimanalo #6 Iron Open NK 3:08:00
113 Kai Oni Iron Open NK 3:08:42
114 Kawaikini Canoe Club #3 Iron Sr Mstrs 3:09:46
115 Kai Poha Canoe Club #2 Iron Gldn Mstr 3:11:35
116 Benicia OCC #2 Iron Mstrs NK 3:18:50
117 Beach Hayama #2 Iron Open NK 3:25:38
118 Ikuna Koa #3 Iron Open NK 3:26:24
119 Texas Outrigger #3 Iron Open NK 3:27:11
[JTL Home] [Overall Results Men] [Overall Results Women] [Women's Division Results]
Queen Liliuokalani Long Distance Canoe RaceSeptember 5, 2009 - Kailua-Kona, Hawaii
Men's Division Results

Place Name Time

Iron Open NK Male
1 Team Primo #2 1:52:34
2 Livestrong 1:55:14
3 Team Primo #1 1:57:10
4 Outrigger Canoe Club #4 1:58:06
5 Kailua Canoe Club #2 1:58:26
6 Kai Opua #9 1:59:14
7 Team Steine 2:00:15
8 Keauhou/Livestrong 2:00:43
9 Kamehameha CC-Hilo #3 2:00:52
10 Kailua Canoe Club #1 2:01:19
11 Hui Lanakila #4 2:02:13
12 Namolokama #2 2:03:02
13 Outrigger Canoe Club #7 2:03:18
14 Leeward Kai Canoe Club #2 2:04:21
15 Hui Lanakila #6 2:04:54
16 Waikiki Beach Boys #8 2:05:20
17 Hong Kong Island #2 2:06:47
18 Na Kai Ewalu 2:07:05
19 Italy 2:07:24
20 Kailua Canoe Club #3 2:07:25
21 Kai Opua #2 2:09:44
22 Kamehameha CC-Hilo #4 2:09:49
23 Leeward Kai Canoe Club #1 2:09:51
24 Healani Canoe Club 2:10:48
25 Hui Nalu Canoe Club #4 2:11:11
26 Lae Ula O Kai #3 2:11:29
27 Kai Opua #4 2:12:25
28 Hui Lanakila #5 2:13:35
29 Waikiki Beach Boys #9 2:13:52
30 Singapore Paddle Club (red) 2:14:19
31 Alakai Nalu 2:15:20
32 Kaneohe Canoe #2 2:16:05
33 Pacific Reach #2 2:16:55
34 Namolukama O Hanalei #2 2:17:11
35 Kamehameha Canoe Club-Oahu #2 2:17:20
36 Ka Mamalahoe Canoe Club #4 2:19:18
37 Easter Seals 2:20:41
38 Waikiki Beach Boys #10 2:20:57
39 Singapore Paddle Club (black) 2:21:12
40 Waimanalo #3 2:24:32
41 New Hope 2:25:05
42 Santa Barbara OCC #5 2:26:11
43 North Shore Canoe Club #2 2:27:46
44 Ka Mamalahoe Canoe Club #5 2:28:37
45 Alapa Hoe #3 2:28:56
46 Waikiki Yacht Club #2 2:29:59
47 Naleo O Ke Kai #1 2:30:03
48 Ikuna Koa #2 2:33:38
49 Kai Ehitu 2:34:11
50 Kai Poha Canoe Club #3 2:36:32
51 Newport Outrigger #1 2:37:29
52 Hawaiian OCC Yakoska Japan #1 2:37:51
53 Texas Outrigger #2 2:38:16
54 Pukana O Ke Kai 2:40:13
55 Hui Lokahi O Ke Kai #1 2:40:33
56 Beach Hayama #1 2:40:40
57 Autumn Rose Canoe Club #2 2:43:07
58 Kalihi Kai 2:44:27

Iron Open Koa Male
1 Hui Lanakila #7 2:03:16
2 Keauhou Canoe Club #10 2:04:47
3 Puna Canoe Club #1 2:06:18
4 Tui Tonga #1 2:07:19
5 Kai Opua #11 2:09:10
6 Keoua #3 2:10:10
7 Team Honoura 2:11:26
8 Outrigger Canoe Club #5 2:13:08
9 NAC 2:22:49
10 Kailana Canoe Club 2:30:13

Iron Mstrs NK Male
1 San Diego Beach Boys 2:11:31
2 Koa Kai #2 2:14:25
3 Puuwai #2 2:19:15
4 Kawaihae #4 2:20:16
5 Waimanalo #2 2:20:42
6 Keahiakahoe CC #2 (white) 2:23:42
7 Keahiakahoe CC #1 (black) 2:24:50
8 Alapa Hoe #2 2:27:20
9 Shonan Canoe Club #2 2:28:42
10 Kai Poha Canoe Club #4 2:31:32
11 Lanakila Iki Canoe Club #1 2:32:23
12 Ke Kai O`Uhane #1 2:32:48

Iron Mstrs Koa Male
1 Ikuna Koa #1 2:30:13
2 Lanikai 2:35:35
3 Waikoloa Canoe Club #4 2:39:01

Iron Sr Mstrs Male
1 Namolokama #1 2:08:39
2 Lanakila California OCC 2:15:32
3 Keahiakahoe CC #3 2:24:38
4 Keoua #1 2:29:29
5 Hawaiian OCC Yakoska Japan #2 2:36:34

Masters Male
1 Keauhou Canoe Club #2 2:06:00
2 Kai Opua #6 2:08:11
3 Kailua Canoe Club #5 2:12:01
4 Na Waa Hanakahi CC #1 2:17:38
5 Kahakai California 2:21:33

Sr Masters Male
1 Kailua Canoe Club #6 2:05:08
2 Keahiakahoe/Team Bradley 2:06:49
3 Keauhou Canoe Club #9 2:14:22
4 Waimanalo #1 2:16:16
5 Keauhou Canoe Club #8 2:19:24
6 Keaukaha Canoe Club #2 2:25:49

Iron Gldn Mstr Male
1 Hui Nalu Canoe Club #3 2:24:07
2 Kihei Canoe Club 2:24:13
3 Keoua #2 2:28:06
4 Newport Outrigger #2 2:39:56
5 FCRCC #2 2:41:36
6 Benicia OCC #1 2:47:49

Grand Masters Male
1 Keauhou Canoe Club #7 2:22:10
2 Keahiakahoe CC #4 2:25:35
3 Kai Opua #1 2:32:30
4 Keaukaha Canoe Club #3 2:48:20

Hawn Racers Male
1 Keaukaha Canoe Club #4 2:04:01
2 Tui Tonga #2 2:09:28
3 Waikiki Surf Club #3 2:12:35
4 Kai Opua #5 2:13:02
5 Na Waa Hankahi CC #2 2:14:24
6 Kawaihae #5 2:16:34
7 Mana`e Canoe 2:25:46
8 Paddlers Of Laka 2:41:46

Iron Gr Mstrs Male
1 Great Lakes Brigade 2:13:55
2 Anuenue Canoe Club #2 2:22:08
3 Imua Canoe Club 2:26:01
4 Outrigger Canoe Club #6 2:26:58
5 Hui Wa'a O Wakinikona 2:27:15
6 Hui Waa California #2 2:32:04
7 Anuenue Canoe Club #1 2:46:55
8 Kamehameha CC-Hilo #5 2:54:20

Non Tradition Male
1 Waikoloa Canoe Club #5 2:05:15
2 Santa Barbara OCC #3 2:20:21
3 Honolulu Pearl Club #2 2:28:52

Unofficial Male
1 Kona Athletic Club #3 2:11:02
2 Kukio 2:14:32
3 Team Three Man 2:27:19
4 Pure Light Racing 3:12:03
[JTL Home] [Overall Results Men] [Overall Results Women] [Men's Division Results]
Queen Liliuokalani Long Distance Canoe RaceSeptember 5, 2009 - Kailua-Kona, Hawaii
Women's Division Results

Place Name Time

Iron Open NK Female
1 Hui Lanakila #2 2:12:16
2 Waikiki Beach Boys #1 2:13:20
3 Waikiki Beach Boys #2 2:14:04
4 Kai Opua #3 2:16:54
5 Outrigger Canoe Club #1 2:19:17
6 Hawaiian Canoe Club #1 2:22:22
7 Waikiki Beach Boys #3 2:22:50
8 Akarana 2:24:36
9 Hawaiian Canoe Club #2 2:27:16
10 Hui Lanakila #1 2:28:38
11 Lae Ula O Kai #1 2:29:26
12 Waikiki Beach Boys #5 2:29:34
13 Outrigger Canoe Club #3 2:30:09
14 Patterson Lakes Outrigger 2:30:28
15 Kahana #1 2:30:45
16 Waikiki Beach Boys #4 2:30:51
17 Kaiola #2 2:30:51
18 Kahana #2 2:31:48
19 Oceanside Outigger 2:32:14
20 Santa Barbara OCC #1 2:34:04
21 Waikiki Surf Club #1 2:35:21
22 Cronulla Outrigger Canoe Club 2:35:34
23 Team Ray 2:35:36
24 Hawaiian Canoe Club #3 2:36:56
25 Kukui Canoe Club 2:37:48
26 Marina Del Rey #1 2:38:05
27 Waikiki Beach Boys #6 2:38:32
28 Northern Beaches Outrigger CC 2:38:58
29 Marina Del Rey #2 2:39:14
30 Hui Nalu Canoe Club #1 2:39:59
31 Kamehameha CC-Hilo #2 2:40:05
32 Kawaikini Canoe Club #2 2:40:17
33 Hong Kong Island #1 2:40:23
34 Santa Barbara OCC #2 2:41:23
35 Team Kalakoa 2:42:04
36 Hui Nalu Canoe Club #2 2:45:13
37 Keauhou Canoe Club #5 2:45:28
38 Leeward Kai #1 2:45:53
39 Keauhou Canoe Club #4 2:46:22
40 Kawaihae #3 2:47:15
41 Kawaikini Canoe Club #1 2:47:39
42 Team Medusa 2:47:46
43 Ka Mamalahoe Canoe Club #2 2:48:11
44 Waikiki Beach Boys #7 2:49:25
45 Shonan Canoe Club #1 2:50:25
46 Waimanalo #5 2:50:40
47 Newport/Wailea 2:50:42
48 Pacific Reach #1 2:51:18
49 Kai Poha Canoe Club #1 2:51:44
50 Lanakila Iki Canoe Club #2 2:51:56
51 Hui Lokahi O Ke Kai #2 2:52:15
52 Koa Kai #1 2:52:56
53 Hanalei #1 2:53:00
54 Waikoloa Canoe Club #2 2:53:48
55 Ka Mamalahoe Canoe Club #3 2:54:03
56 Leeward Kai #2 2:54:19
57 Team Arizona 2:55:00
58 Alapa Hoe #1 2:56:35
59 Waimanalo #4 2:56:43
60 Off Shore 2:57:08
61 Autumn Rose Canoe Club #1 2:58:05
62 Kamehameha Canoe Club-Oahu #1 2:58:19
63 Kilohana Canoe Club 3:02:17
64 Texas Outrigger #1 3:02:42
65 Ke Kai O`Uhane #2 3:03:20
66 Waikiki Surf Club #2 3:03:33
67 Waikiki Yacht Club #3 3:05:08
68 Naleo O Ke Kai #2 3:06:58
69 Waimanalo #6 3:08:00
70 Kai Oni 3:08:42
71 Beach Hayama #2 3:25:38
72 Ikuna Koa #3 3:26:24
73 Texas Outrigger #3 3:27:11

Iron Open Koa Female
1 Hui Lanakila #3 2:20:15
2 Outrigger Canoe Club #2 2:23:58
3 Keauhou Canoe Club #3 2:24:59
4 Kai Opua #8 2:28:12
5 Puna Canoe Club #2 2:29:58
6 Waikoloa Canoe Club #3 2:46:57
7 Kali Kai Kono 2:57:57
8 Lanakila Canoe Club #1 2:59:47

Iron Mstrs NK Female
1 Namolokama #3 2:26:39
2 Lae Ula O Kai #2 2:28:51
3 Puna Canoe Club #4 2:31:34
4 Puuwai #1 2:37:35
5 Puna Canoe Club #3 2:41:22
6 Kaneohe Canoe Club #1 2:54:30
7 Waikiki Yacht Club #1 3:03:29
8 Kawaihae #1 3:03:40
9 Benicia OCC #2 3:18:50

Iron Mstrs Koa Female
1 Kai Opua #10 2:31:18
2 Kona Athletic Club #1 2:33:46
3 NCA Outrigger 2:39:43
4 Kawaihae #2 2:46:08
5 Team Golden Girls 2:50:24
6 North Shore Canoe Club #1 3:06:35

Iron Sr Mstrs Female
1 Kawaikini Canoe Club #3 3:09:46

Masters Female
1 Kamehameha CC-Hilo #1 2:39:36
2 Waikoloa Mamalahoe 2:50:55
3 Mano O Ke Kai 2:55:24

Sr Masters Female
1 Keauhou Canoe Club #6 2:37:09
2 Keaukaha Canoe Club #1 3:03:23
3 Ka Mamalahoe Canoe Club #1 3:06:48

Iron Gldn Mstr Female
1 Puna Kailani 2:49:44
2 NCAWPA 2:50:28
3 FCRCC #1 2:59:36
4 Hui Waa California #1 3:01:56
5 Kai Poha Canoe Club #2 3:11:35

Grand Masters Female
1 Kai Opua #12 2:45:32
2 Hawaiian Canoe Club #4 2:52:15

Hawn Racers Female
1 Hanalei #2 2:27:11
2 Kai Opua #7 2:33:21
3 Na Waa Hanakahi CC #3 2:37:56
4 Keauhou Canoe Club #1 2:44:46
5 Kailua Canoe Club #4 2:46:18

Non Tradition Female
1 Waikoloa Canoe Club #1 2:38:17
2 Honolulu Pearl Club #1 2:51:34
3 Kona Athletic Club #4 2:52:42

Unofficial Female
1 Kona Athletic Club #2 2:33:06
[JTL Home] [Overall Results Men] [Overall Results Women] [Men's Division Results] [Women's Division Results]
[JTL Home] [Women's Division Results] [Mixed Division Results]
Official Results by: JTL Timing SystemsQueen Liliuokalani Long Distance Canoe RaceSeptember 6, 2009 - Kailua-Kona, Hawaii
Men's Division Results

Place Name Time

OC6 - 15 Male
1 Kai Opua #2 :31:12

OC6 - 16 Male
1 Leeward Kai Canoe Club :27:25

OC6 - 17 & 18 Male
1 Hui Nalu :28:01
2 NAC #2 :30:32
3 Autumn Rose CC #1 :32:07

OC1 19-39 Male
1 Mike Hangai :31:29
2 Jeremy Padayao :32:05
3 Joe Zenk :32:28
4 Chris Marlow :33:08
5 Laakea Carovahlo :33:14
6 Nick Ah Yo :33:25
7 Ivan McIvor :33:27
8 Mikey Gomes :34:26
9 Theron Ogata :34:36
10 Kapuni Patcho :35:11
11 Nathan Loyola :35:32
12 Chauncey Cody :36:04
13 Michael Delima :36:46

OC1 40-49 Male
1 Duke Kaneko :33:33
2 Eddie Nabarro :34:06
3 Michael Sweeney :34:22
4 William Oliver :35:35
5 John Hart :36:20
6 Michael Haring :39:44

OC1 50-59 Male
1 Tavotaha Benoit :31:50
2 Steve Cole :32:54
3 Kamoa Kalama :34:14
4 Fred Delos Santos :34:30
5 David Avila :36:24
6 Eric Soo :37:28
7 Kerry Long :38:29

OC1 60+ Male
1 John Roberts :34:46
2 Jon Amundson :35:22
3 Mike O'Shaughnessy :35:29
4 Steve Arnett :35:33
5 Joseph Ah yuen :39:00

OC1 TEEN Male
1 Dan Gampon :40:53
2 Terry Prest :45:10
3 Tomas Kratka :47:41

OC2 19-39 Male
1 Hayward/Bess :30:00
2 Morioka/Kahana :32:09

OC2 40-49 Male
1 Steeve Guilloux :31:47
2 Santiago/Bo :32:19
3 Akau/Akau :32:43

OC2 50+ Male
1 Ferry/Enos :30:52
2 Hewlit/Harasaki :31:54
3 Sullivan/Nakachi :33:46

DH OPEN Male
1 Tui Tonga 12 Pack :27:42
2 Wakiki Beach Boys #1 :27:54
3 Kamehameha #2 :28:48
4 Na Kai Ewalu :29:12
5 Outrigger Yakoska Japan :32:59
6 Newport Outrigger :33:10

DH MASTER Male
1 Kahakai/Waikiki Beach Boys :30:41

DH SR MASTER Male
1 Lanakila California :29:24
2 Keauhou #6 :30:13
3 Keoua :32:04
4 Keaukaha #2 :34:18

DH GRAND MASTR Male
1 Keauhou #5 :30:36
2 Kamanu Hui wa'a O Wakinikoma :30:43
3 Keahiakahoe/Anuenue :32:01
4 Kai Poha :34:49
5 Imua California :35:20

Stand Up Pad Male
1 Jeff Silva :42:52
2 Black Abraham :47:00
3 Raydon Vasquez :49:34
4 Kalani Kahalioumi :50:50
5 Rob Borrelli 1:12:44
[JTL Home] [Men's Division Results] [Mixed Division Results]
Queen Liliuokalani Long Distance Canoe RaceSeptember 6, 2009 - Kailua-Kona, Hawaii
Women's Division Results

Place Name Time

OC6 - 16 Female
1 Kai Opua #3 :35:19

OC6 - 17 & 18 Female
1 Kai Opua #1 :33:03
2 Waikiki Surf Club :33:53
3 Autumn Rose CC :35:18

OC1 19-39 Female
1 Pauline Benson :39:42
2 Linda Warren :41:34
3 Rangi Rapana :41:44
4 Pua Kuaihue :41:55
5 Carissa Rosenbohm :44:19
6 Natasha Ibara :48:59
7 Nadia Ibara :51:24

OC1 40-49 Female
1 Georgie Were :38:56
2 Brenda Lovette :50:09

OC1 50-59 Female
1 Leslie Crawford :43:02
2 Joreen Knox :43:55
3 Lonny Higgins :44:57
4 Dee Sawyers 1:03:23

OC1 TEEN Female
1 Amy Rohr :50:33
2 Haunani Bondang 1:02:44

OC2 19-39 Female
1 Cadaoas/Kimbal :36:41
2 Bender/Bender :43:14

OC2 40-49 Female
1 Dulaney/Goodman :35:11
2 Newland/Louie :37:57

OC2 50+ Female
1 Young/Leahy :38:22
2 Fong/Woods :39:17

OC2 TEEN Female
1 Nakagawa/Nakagawa :47:47

DH OPEN Female
1 Waikiki Beach Boys #1 :30:52
2 Waikiki Beach Boys #2 :32:00
3 Northern Beaches :32:02
4 Keauhou #1 :32:52
5 Kamehameha Hilo :33:19
6 Puna :34:17
7 Kawaikini :35:18
8 Autumn Rose :35:32
9 Kawaihae #1 :35:58
10 Team Kalakoa :37:24

DH SR MASTER Female
1 Keauhou #2 :35:22
2 NCAWPA :36:25
3 C & H :36:43
4 Kawaikiki/Kaiola :38:08
5 Keaukaha #1 :39:09

DH GRAND MASTR Female
1 Keauhou #3 :34:26
2 Hawaiian Canoe Club :36:38
3 Grand Flames :41:31

Stand Up Pad Female
1 Rebeka Lussiaa :53:06
2 Kahanu Delovio 1:05:53
[JTL Home] [Men's Division Results] [Women's Division Results]
Queen Liliuokalani Long Distance Canoe RaceSeptember 6, 2009 - Kailua-Kona, Hawaii
Mixed Division Results

Place Name Time


OC2 Mx 40+
1 Talaoega/Talauega :32:45
2 Balidoy/Balidoy :32:50
3 Berengene/Holzman :33:49
4 Streiter/Rey :35:55
5 Yahiro/Yahiro :38:55

OC2 MX 19-39
1 Webster/Dorminy :33:51
2 Lii/Birse :35:34

DH MIXED OPEN
1 Team Steinlager :28:39
2 Namolokama :29:50
3 Lae Ula O Kai :30:05
4 Team Leighten :30:21
5 Team Honoura :30:28
6 Kawaihae #2 :30:30
7 Singapore Paddle Club :30:46
8 Waikik Surf Club :30:49
9 Hong Kong Island :30:54
10 Keauhou #4 :31:13
11 Puuwai Canoe Club :31:23
12 Ka Mamalahoe :32:05
13 Pacific Reach :32:14
14 Waimanalo :32:57
15 Kai Ehitu :33:01
16 Team Golden :33:40
17 Ikuna Koa :33:49
18 Keola O Ke Kai :33:51
19 Shonan Outrigger :33:53
20 Santa Barbara Ourtrigger :34:37
21 Ke Kai O Uhane :34:45
22 False Creek Racing :34:49
23 Hui Lokahi O Ke Kai :35:27
24 Texas Outrigger :35:28
25 Keoua CC :35:43
26 Benicia CC :35:58
27 Alapa Hoe :36:08
28 Pure Light Racing :36:12
29 Pukana O Ke Kai :36:32
30 Waikoloa :36:36
31 Ventura CC :39:14

OC6 - Mixed
1 NAC #1 :36:36
[JTL Home] [Men's Division Results] [Women's Division Results] [Mixed Division Results]

Green Sea Turtle Chelonia mydas

Chelonia mydasGreen Sea Turtle [+]
Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: ReptiliaOrder: TestudinesFamily: CheloniidaeGenus: Cheloniaspecies: Chelonia mydas+ITIS +WoRMS +Conservation StatusGreen Sea Turtle Photo Gallery
Description & Behavior
Video: Dolphins and Green sea turtles of the Galápagos (3:37 13MB)
The green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758), is a Chelonian - which means it has four legs and a tough shell made of two parts which join at the sides.
Chelonians also have strong horny mouths or beaks with no teeth. There are three types of Chelonians - tortoises that live on land, terrapins that live in fresh water, and marine turtles that live in the sea. They are all members of the Class of Reptiles (Reptilia).
The green sea turtle's legs are shaped like flippers. Their heads are lizard-like, with a hooked beak and toothless jaw. Adult green sea turtles may grow up to 99 cm long and weigh 180 kg.
The top half of their shell is called the carapace. It feels smooth and is gray, green, brown and/or black. It's tougher than the under shell, which is called the plastron and is yellowish white. Males have a larger tail than females, slightly longer, narrower carapaces than females and enlarged curved claws on the front flippers for gripping the female when mating.
Controversy rages about splitting Chelonia mydas into subspecies based on the many size differences between populations in different parts of the world. The population found in the eastern Pacific is often called the black sea turtle, and is sometimes described as a separate species (Chelonia agassizi). Individuals from the East Pacific are smaller than their counterparts in the Western Caribbean in a wide range of external measurements, and are particularly dark in color, a trait that has shown to be genetically influenced.
The closely related flatback sea turtle is a little smaller than the green sea turtle and lives off the coast of Northern Australia.
Sea turtles are some of the largest turtles in the world and live in almost every ocean of the world. Their smooth shells and paddlelike flippers help them speed through the water as fast as 24 kph. These long distance travelers have been known to swim up to 4,828 km.
Although sea turtles cannot withdraw their heads into their shells, the adults are protected from predators by their shells, large size, and thick scaly skin on their heads and necks.
Sea turtles spend almost all their lives submerged but must breathe air for the oxygen needed to meet the demands of vigorous activity. With a single explosive exhalation and rapid inhalation, sea turtles can quickly replace the air in their lungs. The lungs are adapted to permit a rapid exchange of oxygen and to prevent gasses from being trapped during deep dives. The blood of sea turtles can deliver oxygen efficiently to body tissues even at the pressures encountered during diving. During routine activity green and loggerhead turtles dive for about 4 to 5 minutes and surface to breathe for 1 to 3 seconds. A female loggerhead tracked at sea made up to 500 dives every 12 hours.
Turtles can rest or sleep underwater for several hours at a time but submergence time is much shorter while diving for food or to escape predators. Breath-holding ability is affected by activity and stress, which is why turtles drown in shrimp trawls and other fishing gear within a relatively short time.
Because sea turtles are difficult to study in the open ocean, scientists are just beginning to learn about the life history of sea turtles. Today, radio transmitters, attached to nesting turtles, help track the sea creatures on their travels and provide valuable information.
World Range & Habitat
Green sea turtles are found in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans (Worldwide in seas where temperature does not fall below 20°C). They are sensitive to heat and cold and prefer the warmer parts of the oceans.
Males never leave the water, but females swim to the shore to lay their eggs.
» GBIF occurrence data in Google Earth [Requirements Tips] Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) [World Map] [about]
Feeding Behavior (Ecology)
Green sea turtles eat seaweed and algae, but they also eat sea creatures like jellyfish, comb jellies, crayfish, and crabs.
Life History
Although sea turtles move swiftly in the ocean, they are slow and defenseless on land. Male sea turtles almost never leave the water. Female sea turtles leave the ocean only to lay eggs and, for most species, nest only at night. A female may nest every 2-3 years.
Nesting can take between one and three hours. After a female turtle drags herself up the beach, she hollows out a pit with her back legs and deposits from fifty to two hundred eggs. When the last egg is laid, the turtle covers the eggs with sand, tamps down the sand with her plastron, and flings more sand about with her flippers to erase any signs of the nest. The green sea turtle has also been observed often digging another "decoy" nest next to the real one to deceive predators and keep their eggs safe.
After about two months, the hatchling turtles emerge at night. The light reflected off the water from the sky guides them to the sea. These days, car headlights, street lamps, or lights on buildings near the beach cause some hatchlings to travel in the wrong direction. Waiting herons make fast meals of other hatchlings. Any babies still on the beach in the morning are easily picked off by predators or die in the hot sun. It is thought that when the surviving hatchlings reach maturity, they return to the beach where they hatched to lay their eggs.
The female green sea turtle lays 70-130 eggs - each one about the size of a ping-pong ball. About two months later the eggs hatch and the young turtles head straight for sea. Somehow they know that they must live in the water and not on land. Baby green sea turtles weigh about 1 ounce, and are about 5 cm long.
Comments
The green sea turtle is now an endangered species, and the population has been completely eliminated in some areas, although it is still reasonable in other areas. The turtles have been overexploited for their meat, hides and eggs, and the predictability of their nesting habits has made them easy victims. Exploitation is now strictly controlled in some areas, and imports are banned in many countries.
References & Further Research
BioOne ~ CITES ~ Discover Life ~ GBIF ~ Google Scholar ~ ITIS ~ IUCN RedList ~ MarineBio Network ~ NCBI ~ SCIRIS ~ SIRIS ~ Tree of Life Web Project ~ Wikipedia
The Sea Turtle Restoration Project (STRP) :: http://www.seaturtles.orgHawaii's Marine Wildlife: Green Sea TurtlesTurtle Trax - A Sea Turtle PageGreen Turtle - NOAA FisheriesGreen Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas) - NOAA FisheriesEvaluation of the Black Turtle Project in Michoacán, MéxicoU.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Endangered SpeciesSeaturtle.org The State of the World's Sea Turtles (SWoT)IUCN/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist GroupIUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Search the Web for Green Sea Turtle » ARKive ~ Ask.com ~ Ask Jeeves ~ bing ~ deviantART ~ dmoz ~ Dogpile ~ Google Images ~ MySpace Images ~ OceanFootage ~ Picsearch ~ StumbleUpon ~ Yahoo! Images ~ YouTube
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Some of our paddlers have recently been stung by the infamous Portugese Man Of War. The best protection is knowledge.Click on the links for more detailed information, illustrations and photos.Dangerous and Venomous-- Hawaiian Ocean Organisms:Portuguese Man-of-War(Bluebottle - Physalia spp. - Hydroid)"`Ili Mane`o, Pa`imalau, Palalia or Pololia"Family: Physaliidae, Order: Siphonophora, Class: Hydrozoa, Phylum: CnidariaINJURY MECHANISMLong blue, threadlike tentacles.SIGNS AND SYMPTOMSStinging, burning, redness, swelling of lymph nodes. Long welt lines. Severe reactions: difficulty with breathing and cardiac arrest.IMMEDIATE FIRST AID ADVICE:1. Rinse the area liberally with seawater or fresh water to remove any tentacles stuck to the skin. This can be from a spray bottle or in a beach shower. Do not apply vinegar. A study shows that vinegar in these stings sometimes makes the sting worse. (Portuguese man-of-wars belong to a different family than box jellyfish [Carybdea alata] and therefore must be treated separately.)2. For severe pain, try applying heat or cold, whichever feels better to the victim.3. Few Portuguese man-of-war stings in Hawai`i cause life-threatening reactions, but this is always a possibility. Some people are extremely sensitive to the venom; a few have allergic reactions. Consider even the slightest breathing difficulty, or altered level of consciousness, a medical emergency. Call for help and use automatic epinephrine injector if available.COMMON HABITATOpen ocean. Bays and beaches during strong onshore winds.PREVENTIONAvoid areas where they frequent. Usually found when winds blow in from the ocean onto land. Observe posted signs.The portuguese man-of-war "jellyfish" - in Hawaiian, `Ili Mane`o, Pa`imalau, Palalia or Pololia - is actually any of various invertebrate, jelly-like marine animals of the family: Physaliidae, order: Siphonophora, class: Hydrozoa, and Phylum: Cnidaria. These pelagic colonial hydroids or hydrozoans are infamous for their very painful, powerful sting and are very common in Hawaiian ocean waters.The man-of-war ranges or occurs most commonly in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Pacific and Indian oceans, and the northern Atlantic Gulf Stream, although found in warm seas throughout the world. It is sometimes found floating - some even say "swarming" - in groups of thousands. Physalia physalis is the only widely distributed species. P. utriculus, commonly known as the bluebottle, frequently occurs in Hawai`i, in the Pacific and Indian oceans.The Australian Museum notes on its luminous web page, that the portuguese man-of-war ". . . is not a single animal but a colony of four kinds of highly modified individuals [polyps]. The polyps are dependent on one another for survival." Click here or on this image for a diagram of the different types of descending polyps.The man-of-war's body consists of a gas-filled (mostly nitrogen), bladder-like float (a polyp, the pneumatophore) - a translucent structure tinted pink, blue, or violet - which may be 3 to 12 inches (9 to 30 centimeters) long and may extend as much as 6 inches (15 centimeters) above the water. Beneath the float are clusters of polyps, from which hang tentacles of up to 165 feet (about 50 meters) in length. The polyps are of three types: dactylozooid, gonozooid, and gastrozooid, concerned, respectively, with detecting and capturing prey, with reproducing, and with feeding. The "animal" moves by means of its crest, which functions as a sail.Initially, Physalia reproduce sexually - the sperm of one mature colonial hydroid fertilizes the egg of another reproducing a larva. Then like other invertebrates and hydroids, larval Physalia reproduces itself by mitotic, asexual reproduction to yield or bud, i.e., grow, genetically identical colonial offspring within and onto itself. (The mitotic process involves the facilitation of the equal partitioning of replicated chromosomes into two identical groups.) Asexual reproduction leads to a rapid growth; sexual reproduction produces genetic differentiation, combined both lead to rapid increase in species numbers. The biomass increases or "grows" opportunistically from both reproductive processes in favorable conditions: adequate food supply, equable, suitable temperature, and adequate ranging territory or space to live. It is no wonder that there is a thriving, proliferation of Physalia spp. in Hawaii's temperate, food rich, expansive ocean waters.Tentacles of the dactylozooids bear stinging nematocystic (coiled thread-like) structures that paralyze small fish and other prey. The gastrozooids then attach to the immobilized victim, spread over it, digesting it. The Portuguese man-of-war is eaten by other animals, including the loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta. The small fish, Nomeus gronovii, lives among the tentacles of Physalia and is nearly immune to the poison from the stinging cells. Nomeus feeds on the tentacles, which are constantly regenerated; sometimes the fish is eaten by Physalia. Clown or Clown Anemone fish (Amphiprion spp.) and the Yellow-jack fish (Caranx bartholomaei) reportedly have a similar commensal symbiotic relationship, i.e., a mutually beneficial relationship with no negative or pathogenic effect on the host or symbiont.Reportedly, another interesting food chain manifestation occurs occasionally. When leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) feed on man-of-wars, like jellyfish - their favorite foods, sharks are attracted to and feed on the sea turtles, and, may be attracted to and try to feed on things that look like sea turtles, e.g., humans swimming in murky waters, on surf boards, etc.The portuguese man-of-war itself will eat basically anything that comes in contact with its stinging tentacle polyps, the dactylozooids. As Physalia drifts down wind, the long tentacles "fish" continuously through the water. Muscles in each tentacle contract and drag prey into range of the digestive polyps, the gastrozooids, which, acting like small mouths, consume and digest the food by phagocytosis - by secreting a full range of enzymes that variously break down proteins, carbohydrates and fats. The prey consists mostly of small crustaceans, small fish, algae and other members of the surface plankton which the man-of-war ensnares in its entangling, stinging nematocystic threads.The sting of Physalia is very painful to man and can cause serious effects, including fever, shock, and interference with heart and lung action. When stung, carefully, pick or brush off any visible tentacles - try not to use your fingers - use your towel, fins, etc. Rinse with fresh or salt water - do not use vinegar. For severe pain, try applying heat or cold, whichever feels better to the victim. Immediate medical attention may be required as their stinging may bring about anaphylactic shock. (Read detailed first-aid information just below.)The nematocystic sting toxin secreted from the tentacles of the dactylozooids, a mixture of enzymes, is a neurotoxin about seventy-five percent as powerful as cobra venom. The toxins contain a complex mixture of polypeptides and proteins including catecholamines, histamine, hyaluronidase, fibolysins, kinins, phospholipases and various hemolytic, cardiotoxic and dermatonecrotic toxins.The most common result of contact with the man-of-war - the residual whip-like, red wavy, stringy welts on the skin from contact with the blue tentacle - is a painful papular-urticarial eruption. The lesions can last for minutes to hours, and the rash may progress to urticaria, hemorrhage, or ulceration. Recurrent episodes of urticaria may last four to six weeks at the site of envenomation. (The pathophysiology of sting induced urticaria is that it occurs following release of histamine, bradykinin, kallikrein or acetylcholine resulting in intradermal edema from capillary and venous vasodilation and occasional leukocyte infiltration.)The following is from one of our All Stings Considered web pages and is excerpted from the book, All Stings Considered - First Aid and Medical Treatment of Hawai`i's Marine Injuries by Craig Thomas, M.D. and Susan Scott (University of Hawaii Press, 1997):First Aid forPORTUGUESE MAN-OF-WAR STINGS:For the average Hawaii Portuguese man-of-war sting:Pick off any visible tentacles with a gloved hand, stick, or anything handy, being careful to avoid further injury.Rinse the sting thoroughly with salt or fresh water to remove any adhering tentacles.Apply ice for pain control.Irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature tap water for at least 15 minutes. If vision blurs, or the eyes continue to tear, hurt, swell, or are light sensitive after irrigating, see a doctor.For persistent itching or skin rash, try 1 percent hydrocortisone ointment four times a day, and one or two 25 milligram diphenhydramine (Benadryl) tablets every 6 hours. These drugs are sold without prescription. Diphenhydramine may cause drowsiness. Don't drive, swim or surf after taking this medication.Although formerly considered effective, vinegar is no longer recommended for Portuguese man-of-war stings. In a laboratory experiment, vinegar dousing caused discharge of nematocysts from the larger (P. physalis) man-of-war species. The effect of vinegar on the nematocysts of the smaller species (which has less severe stings) is mixed: vinegar inhibited some, discharged others.No studies support applying heat to Portuguese man-of-war stings. Studies on the effectiveness of meat tenderizer, baking soda, papain, or commercial sprays (containing aluminum sulfate and detergents) on nematocyst stings have been contradictory. It's possible these substances cause further damage. In one U.S. Portuguese man-of-war fatality, lifeguards sprayed papain solution immediately on the victim's sting. Within minutes, the woman was comatose, and later died.Alcohol and human urine may be harmful on Portuguese man-of-war stings. An Australian study reports that both alcohol and urine caused massive nematocyst discharge in the box jellyfish, Chironex fleckeri.Most Hawaii Portuguese man-of-war stings disappear by themselves, sometimes within 15 or 20 minutes. Because of this, even harmful therapies often appear to work. A key concept in the first aid of any injury is: Do no harm. Therefore, avoid applying unproven, possibly harmful substances on stings.See a doctor if pain persists, the rash worsens, a feeling of overall illness develops, a red streak develops between swollen lymph nodes and the sting, or if either area becomes red, warm and tender. (See Staph, Strep and General Wound Care for signs of infection.)Few Portuguese man-of-war stings in Hawaii cause life-threatening reactions, but this is always a possibility. Some people are extremely sensitive to the venom; a few have allergic reactions. Consider even the slightest breathing difficulty, or altered level of consciousness, a medical emergency. Call for help and use automatic epinephrine injector if available.The beaches on Oahu's East shore, commonly referred to as the Windward coast, are infamous for the presence of the portuguese man-of-war. This is as there is a nearly constant inshore wind blowing.We routinely notify the media when we anticipate or observe large "swarms" - the press has been very cooperative in airing and printing these warning and alert notices. Guarded beaches on O`ahu are posted with special signs by lifeguards when there are portuguese man-of-wars or jellyfish swarming in the surrounding ocean. Observe these signs, stay out of the water, to avoid being stung - a very painful, perhaps even potentially deadly experience.Don't touch this animal, especially its tentacles - even when Physalia is beached and dead. Research has shown that the toxin of the nematocysts remains potent for an extended period of time - even several hours. Curious keiki (children) will want to play and poke them - keep children far away from these potentially, excruciatingly painful creatures.If you are stung at a guarded beach see the lifeguards on duty. They can render minor first-aid, or, for more serious cases, call and radio for emergency ambulance or MEDEVAC (helicopter medical evacuation) assistance.Box jellyfish, Carybdea alata and Carybdea rastonii, also regularly "swarm" to Hawaii's Leeward (West and South) shores nine to ten days after the full moon. Be well forewarned; observe posted special warning signs and be attentive to media warning and alert announcements.Links We Like: Emedicine.com has a thorough monograph, web page on Coelenterate and Jellyfish Envenomations that's worth a visit - if you're so inclined, please click here to go there. Be sure to read Dr. Carol Hopper's marine life profile of Physalia spp. and other interesting sea creatures at the Waikiki Aquarium's marine life web page.Please also see our jellyfish page and All Stings Considered - detailed first aid treatment recommendations for Box jellyfish stings.[ Top of the Page ]Suggested BibliographyAlam JM, Qasim R. Preliminary studies on biological and hazardous marine toxins from the Karachi coast: (I) biochemical and biological properties of Physalia venom. Abstract #227, International Society of Toxinology Meeting, Singapore, November 3, 1991.Blow C. Urticaria: a rational GP approach. Practitioner 1997 Feb; 241(1571):80-2, 85.Brusca RC and Brusca GJ. Invertebrates. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA (1990).Cormier SM. Physalia venom mediates histamine release from mast cells. The Journal of Experimental Zoology 1981; 218(2):117.Edwards L, Hessinger DA. Portuguese Man-of-war (Physalia physalis) venom induces calcium influx into cells by permeabilizing plasma membranes. Toxicon 2000; 38:1015-1028.Hickman CP and Roberts LS. Animal Diversity. Wm. C. Brown, Dubuque, IA (1994).Kaestner A. Invertebrate Zoology. Interscience Publishers (1964).Karlsson E, Adem A, Aneiros A, Castaneda O, Harvey M, Jolkkonene M, Sotolongo V. New toxins from marine organisms. The 3rd International Symposium of Neurotoxins and Neurobiology. March 16-21, 1991, Uruguay. Abstracted in Toxicon 1991; 29:1159-1181 (page 1168).Lane CE. The portuguese man of war. Scientific American 1960; 202(3):158-168.Lynn M, Snoey E, Bosker G. Anaphylaxis. Allergic Disease Update 1997; 18(25): 246-56.Shale D., Coldrey J. The Man of War At Sea. Gareth Stevens Publishing, Milwaukee (1987).Shelton GAB. Electrical Conduction and Behaviour in Simple Invertebrates. Claredon Press, Oxford (1982).Williamson J, Fenner PJ, Burnett JW, Rifkin JR, editors. Venomous and Poisonous Marine Animals. A Medical and Biological Handbook. University of South Wales Press, Sydney (1996).Caranx bartholomaei:Cuvier G, Valenciennes A. 1833. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome neuvième. Suite du livre neuvième. Des Scombéroïdes. Hist. Nat. Poiss. i-xxix + 3 pp. + 1-512.Caretta caretta:Linnaeus C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Ed. 10, Tomus 1. L. Salvii, Stockholm, Sweden, iv + 826 pp.Dermochelys coriacea:Vandelli D. 1761. Epistola de holothurio, et testudine coriacea ad celeberrinum Carolum Linnaeum equitem naturae curiosum Discoridum II. Conzatti, Patavii (Padova). 12 p.Nomeus gronovii:Gmelin JF. 1789. Caroli a Linné . . . Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species; cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decimo tertia, aucta, reformata. 3 vols. in 9 parts. Lipsiae, 1788-93. Systema Naturae Linné 1033-1516.Haedrich RL, 1986. Nomeidae. p. 1183-1188. In Whitehead, PJP, Bauchot, ML, Hureau, JC, Nielsen, J, and Tortonese, E (eds.) Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 3.Jenkins RL. Observations on the commensal relationship of nomeus Gronovii with Physalia physalis. Copeia 1983; 1:250-252.[ Top of the Page ]HERE ARE SOMEBASIC OCEAN SAFETY TIPS:Swim in Lifeguarded AreasNever Swim AloneDon't Dive Into Unknown Water or Into Shallow Breaking WavesAsk a Lifeguard About Beach and Surf Conditions Before SwimmingIf You Are Unable to Swim Out of a Strong Current, Signal for HelpRely on Your Swimming Ability Rather Than a Flotation DeviceLook For, Read and Obey All Beach Safety Signs and SymbolsIf In Doubt, Just Stay Out!Return to the Hale (Home) Aloha Page. You can also use the following links to continue your beach and ocean tour of Oahu's North Shore, South Shore, East Shore, or West Shore.Or, you can go to the Beach Directory for a listing of all the beaches covered in these pages.The sign shown on this page isCopyright © 1986, 2001 Hawaiian Lifeguard Association.All Rights (and Lefts) Reserved.The first aid information on this page is excerpted from the book, All Stings Considered - First Aid and Medical Treatment of Hawai`i's Marine Injuries by Craig Thomas, M.D. and Susan Scott and is© Copyright, 1997, University of Hawaii PressAll Rights Reserved.The materials are used with the express permission of the authors.The first picture of the portuguese man-of-war on this page is from the Fish FAQ. A really great website to obtain more "fishy" information. The picture of the Physalia floating in the open ocean off the Azores is by Martin Kramer and was found on the Usenet. The diagram of the different types of descending polyps found on the colonial Portugese Man-o-war [Schémas des divers types de descendre polypes sur la Galère portugaise (Hydrozoaire coloniaire)] is from the Carrefour BIODIDAC Project website and is used with permission. The graphic image comparing the man-of-war and the box jellyfish is courtesy of Susan Scott and is used with permission. The picture of the beached Man-of-war is by Donna Shiroma-Nakasue of Champuru.com, a most interesting web site. It is used with permission.PLEASE NOTE WELL - A DISCLAIMER: The first aid information provided above is up-to-date and accurate, as far as we know, as of June, 2003. The information provided above is for general purpose use and furnished as guidance that is suggestive, not prescriptive, invasive, or medical in nature. You should always consult with or see a medical practitioner for definitive health care information or to receive medical treatment.Suggestions, comments and recommendations are welcomed. These pages are a project of the Hawaiian Lifeguard Association, a not for profit, professional association of Hawaii's lifeguards devoted to the advancement of lifesaving services and public education on beach and ocean safety.Webmaster: This page is maintained by J. B. Lee. You can reach me by e-mail at: jblee@aloha.com. Last modified: 11-Oct-2005 04:51 PM HSTSource URI: http://www.aloha.com/~lifeguards/portugue.html